Pages 1-10 Flashcards
What are the 11 major endocrine tissues?
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Pineal gland
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid gland
-Thymus
-Adrenal gland
-Pancreas
-Kidney
-Ovary
-Testis
Endocrine?
Internal secretion into the bloodstream
What are hormones?
A regulatory substance that stimulates specific cells/tissues into action
What type of glands are ductless?
Endocrine glands
Target cell?
A cell which bears receptors for a hormone
What are steroid hormones made of
Lipids composed of cholesterol-like carbon ring structures
What are nonsteroidal hormones made of?
Amino acids
What are amines?
An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups
Norepinephrine?
Plays a role in fight-or-flight. As a medication it increases blood pressure (focus on blood vessels)
Epinephrine?
Plays a role in fight-or-flight. As a medication in treats allergic reaction (focuses on the heart)
What are protein hormones made of?
Long chain amino acids (parathyroid hormones)
What are peptide hormones made of?
Short chain amino acids (insulin)
What is upregulation?
An increase in the number of receptors
What is downregulation?
A decrease in the number of receptors
Which type of hormone has poor water salubility?
Steroid hormones (made of lipids)
Which type of hormone binds to receptors on target cells?
Nonsteroidal hormones (made of protein and cannot diffuse across cell membrane)
What is considered the first messenger?
The hormone which binds to the cell receptor
What is considered the second messenger?
The substance released in the cell once once the first messenger/hormone has binded to the receptor site
What type of hormones use transcription?
Steroid hormones
What type of hormones do not use transcription?
Nonsteroidal hormones
What is negative feedback?
A counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it. (i.e high level of a hormone in the blood preventing further secretion of that hormone)
What are the three methods negative feedback controls hormone secretion?
-Tropic hormones (target other endocrine glands)
-Nervous system control (nervous system stimulates secretion of some hormones)
-Changes in composition of internal environment
What is transcription?
The process where a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
What is the hypophysis?
The technical term for the pituitary gland
What are the two parts of the hypophysis?
The two parts of the pituitary gland are the
-Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
-Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)
What is the hypothalamic releasing hormone?
Each hypothalamic-releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary hormone which stimulates hormone production (i.e. the hypothalamic-releasing hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates thyrotropin/thyroid-stimulating hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary which then would stimulate the thyroid gland)
GH?
-Growth hormone/somatotropin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Causes cells to grow and divide
PRL?
-Prolactin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Promotes milk production
TSH?
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
ACTH?
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Peptide that controls hormone production in adrenal glands
FSH?
-Follicle-stimulating hormone
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Acts on reproductive organ (production of sperm and development of egg/follicle)
LH?
-Luteinizing hormone
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Promotes secretion of sex hormones
Antidiuretic hormone?
-Vasopressin
-Posterior pituitary hormone
-Increases blood pressure (decrease urine formation and vasoconstriction)
Oxytocin?
-Posterior pituitary hormone
-Contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterine wall
-Stimulates milk production
What three hormones are produced in the thyroid?
-Thyroxine (energy/metabolism)
-Triiodothyronine (energy/metabolism)
-Calcitonin (decreases blood calcium levels)
Gross anatomy of the parathyroid gland?
Four glandular structures on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone?
Increases blood calcium levels
Adrenal glands gross anatomy?
-Suprarenal glands
-Associated with each kidney
What does the adrenal medulla make?
Epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
What does the adrenal cortex make?
Steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, and some sex hormones)
What are the primary functions of the renin-angiotensin system?
Regulation of the renal, cardiac, and vascular physiology
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
Where is the pineal gland located?
Diencephalon
Where is the thymus located?
Superior to the heart
What is the function of the thymus?
Makes T-cells to function in immunity
What do the testes produce?
Testosterone
What do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
What is general adaptation syndrome?
Stage one: alarm stage
-fight or flight
-Sympathetic
-Epinephrine intensifies
Stage two: resistance stage
-Long term
-Cortisol (stress hormone)
Stage three: exhaustion stage
-Wasting due to nutrient depletion
What are the four major lifespan changes in hormones?
-Endocrine glands shrink in size
-Growth hormone declines
-Calcitonin levels decline
-Thymosin levels decline (increased chance of infection)
