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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 1-10 > Flashcards

Pages 1-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 11 major endocrine tissues?

A

-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Pineal gland
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid gland
-Thymus
-Adrenal gland
-Pancreas
-Kidney
-Ovary
-Testis

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2
Q

Endocrine?

A

Internal secretion into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

A regulatory substance that stimulates specific cells/tissues into action

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4
Q

What type of glands are ductless?

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

Target cell?

A

A cell which bears receptors for a hormone

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6
Q

What are steroid hormones made of

A

Lipids composed of cholesterol-like carbon ring structures

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7
Q

What are nonsteroidal hormones made of?

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

What are amines?

A

An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups

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9
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

Plays a role in fight-or-flight. As a medication it increases blood pressure (focus on blood vessels)

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10
Q

Epinephrine?

A

Plays a role in fight-or-flight. As a medication in treats allergic reaction (focuses on the heart)

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11
Q

What are protein hormones made of?

A

Long chain amino acids (parathyroid hormones)

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12
Q

What are peptide hormones made of?

A

Short chain amino acids (insulin)

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13
Q

What is upregulation?

A

An increase in the number of receptors

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14
Q

What is downregulation?

A

A decrease in the number of receptors

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15
Q

Which type of hormone has poor water salubility?

A

Steroid hormones (made of lipids)

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16
Q

Which type of hormone binds to receptors on target cells?

A

Nonsteroidal hormones (made of protein and cannot diffuse across cell membrane)

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17
Q

What is considered the first messenger?

A

The hormone which binds to the cell receptor

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18
Q

What is considered the second messenger?

A

The substance released in the cell once once the first messenger/hormone has binded to the receptor site

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19
Q

What type of hormones use transcription?

A

Steroid hormones

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20
Q

What type of hormones do not use transcription?

A

Nonsteroidal hormones

21
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it. (i.e high level of a hormone in the blood preventing further secretion of that hormone)

22
Q

What are the three methods negative feedback controls hormone secretion?

A

-Tropic hormones (target other endocrine glands)
-Nervous system control (nervous system stimulates secretion of some hormones)
-Changes in composition of internal environment

23
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process where a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

24
Q

What is the hypophysis?

A

The technical term for the pituitary gland

25
Q

What are the two parts of the hypophysis?

A

The two parts of the pituitary gland are the
-Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
-Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

26
Q

What is the hypothalamic releasing hormone?

A

Each hypothalamic-releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary hormone which stimulates hormone production (i.e. the hypothalamic-releasing hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates thyrotropin/thyroid-stimulating hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary which then would stimulate the thyroid gland)

27
Q

GH?

A

-Growth hormone/somatotropin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Causes cells to grow and divide

28
Q

PRL?

A

-Prolactin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Promotes milk production

29
Q

TSH?

A

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland

30
Q

ACTH?

A

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropin
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Peptide that controls hormone production in adrenal glands

31
Q

FSH?

A

-Follicle-stimulating hormone
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Acts on reproductive organ (production of sperm and development of egg/follicle)

32
Q

LH?

A

-Luteinizing hormone
-Anterior pituitary hormone
-Promotes secretion of sex hormones

33
Q

Antidiuretic hormone?

A

-Vasopressin
-Posterior pituitary hormone
-Increases blood pressure (decrease urine formation and vasoconstriction)

34
Q

Oxytocin?

A

-Posterior pituitary hormone
-Contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterine wall
-Stimulates milk production

35
Q

What three hormones are produced in the thyroid?

A

-Thyroxine (energy/metabolism)
-Triiodothyronine (energy/metabolism)
-Calcitonin (decreases blood calcium levels)

36
Q

Gross anatomy of the parathyroid gland?

A

Four glandular structures on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

37
Q

Parathyroid hormone?

A

Increases blood calcium levels

38
Q

Adrenal glands gross anatomy?

A

-Suprarenal glands
-Associated with each kidney

39
Q

What does the adrenal medulla make?

A

Epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

40
Q

What does the adrenal cortex make?

A

Steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, and some sex hormones)

41
Q

What are the primary functions of the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Regulation of the renal, cardiac, and vascular physiology

42
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

43
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Diencephalon

44
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Superior to the heart

45
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Makes T-cells to function in immunity

46
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

47
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome?

A

Stage one: alarm stage
-fight or flight
-Sympathetic
-Epinephrine intensifies
Stage two: resistance stage
-Long term
-Cortisol (stress hormone)
Stage three: exhaustion stage
-Wasting due to nutrient depletion

49
Q

What are the four major lifespan changes in hormones?

A

-Endocrine glands shrink in size
-Growth hormone declines
-Calcitonin levels decline
-Thymosin levels decline (increased chance of infection)

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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