Pages 32-39 Flashcards
Pressure for blood vessels arteriolar end?
11mm of Hg outward
Pressure for blood vessels venular end?
8 mm of Hg inward
Venules?
Microscopic vessels that transport blood from capillaries to veins
Two features of veins?
Thinner walls than arteries (carry blood at lower pressure)
Flap like valves
What does blood pressure generally refer to?
The force that blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels. Generally refers to the pressure in systemic arteries
What is the purpose of blood pressure?
Circulate the blood
What happens to arterial blood pressure when heart contracts/relaxes?
Rises when ventricles contract and fall when the relax
Systolic pressure (SP)?
Max pressure release during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure (DP)?
The minimum pressure remaining before next ventricular contraction
Pulse pressure (PP)?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
The average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle (systole and diastole)
Stroke volume?
Volume of blood that enters the arteries with each ventricular contraction
Cardiac output?
Volume of blood discharged from a ventricle each minute (stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output)
Blood volume?
Sum of the volume of plasma and formed elements (about 5L)
Blood pressure is directly proportional to ____ ____?
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance (PR)?
Force of friction between blood and walls of blood vessels
Viscosity?
The difficulty with which molecules in fluid flow past each other (The state of being thick or sticky)
Blood pressure = ____ ____ x ____ ____?
Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
What system is the lymphatic system closely associated with?
Cardiovascular system
What is the lymphatic system?
A vast system of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
-Transport excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces and return it to the blood stream
-Absorb lipids from the digestive system and transport them to bloodstream
-Defend against disease
What is the order in which lymph travels through the lymphatic system?
Interstitial fluid –> lymphatic capillaries become lymph vessels –> Lymphatic nodes –> larger lymphatic vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> lymphatic collecting ducks –> subclavian vein
What is carried/returned in the lymphatic pathway?
Lymphatic system carries excess fluid from interstitial spaces back to the bloodstream
What are lymphatic capillaries?
Microscopic, closed-ended, thin-walled tubes that run parallel to blood capillaries throughout the body
What are the walls of lymphatic capillaries formed by?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of valves do lymphatic vessels feature?
Semilunar valves
What three layers are lymphatic vessels composed of?
-Inner endothelial lining
-Middle smooth muscle layer
-Out connective tissue layer
What are lymphatic trunks?
Trunks that drain lymph from lymphatic vessels
How are lymphatic trunks named?
For the regions in which they serve
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Lymph from the lower body (more than the right lymphatic duct)
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Lymph from the right upper limb, thorax, head, and neck (less than thoracic duct)
What can surgeries that disrupt lymph nodes cause?
Edema
What is lymph?
Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary
What is lymph similar to?
Blood plasma excepts lacks plasma proteins
What three things are required for lymph to flow through the lymphatic system?
Muscle activity, smooth muscles in larger vessels, and valves
What four things does the lymphatic system transport?
-Dietary fats
-Small proteins
-Excess interstitial fluid
-Foreign particles
What are two cell types that lymphatic tissue contains?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
How are lymph nodes shaped?
Bean-shaped and less than 2.5cm long
What 2 things do lymph nodes contain?
Lymphocytes to attack viruses and macrophages to engulf and destroy foreign substances
Where are lymph nodes found?
In groups or chains along paths of large lymph vessels
What are the three the functions of lymph nodes?
-Filter potentially harmful particles
-Immune surveillance
-Sites for lymphocyte production
What is the thymus?
A soft, bilobed gland
Where is the thymus located?
In the mediastinum (between the two lungs)
What is the thymus filled with?
T-cell lymphocytes
B-cells?
Antibody related immunity
T-cells?
Destruction of infected cells
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
What does the spleen resemble?
Large lymph node
What are the two tissue types of the spleen?
White pulp: lymphocytes
Red pulp: RBCs, lymphocytes, and macrophages
What does the spleen do?
Filters blood like lymph nodes
