Pages 59-69 Flashcards
Nutrients?
Chemicals from the environment that organisms need to survive
Macronutrients?
Required in large quantities
Micronutrients?
Required in small quantities
Essential nutrients?
Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize
What are carbohydrates?
Organic compounds (CH2O)n. Include sugar, starch, and glycogen
What are the two complex carbohydrates?
Starch (plant) and glycogen (animal)
What are simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
What are the three monosaccharides?
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
What are the disaccharides?
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
What is glycogenesis?
The production of glycogen from glucose
What are lipids?
Organic compounds that include fats, oils, and fat-like substances such as phospholipids and cholesterol
What are two major functions of fats?
Supply energy and allow for fat-soluble vitamin absorption
What are saturated fats?
Food of mainly animal origin that have all single bonds between carbon atoms
What are unsaturated fats?
Foods such as nuts and seeds that have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Cholesterol?
A waxy substance found in many body tissues that is an important precursor to many hormones
What are lipoproteins?
Any type of soluble protein that transports lipids in the bloodstream
What are triglycerides?
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
AHA advises that diets not exceed ____% of calories from fat?
30%
What are the molecular building blocks for protein?
Amino acids
How many different amino acids?
20
Process for protein to be used for energy?
-Protein broken down by peptidases
-Amine group (NH2) removed
-NH2 converted to urea and excreted
How many essential amino acids?
9 (6 conditionally essential)
How many nonessential amino acids?
11 (6 conditionally essential)
What is a complete protein?
Contains adequate amounts of essential amino acids
What is an incomplete protein?
Does not contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids
Protein should be ____% of a person’s diet?
10%
How many grams of protein per day should be consumed?
60-150g
What does protein deficiency lead to?
Tissue wasting and decline of blood plasma proteins
What will cells do if they do not have a supply of energy present?
They start to eat themselves (autophagy)
What is the difference between a food calorie and a heat calorie?
Food Calorie = energy needed to raise 1 liter of water 1-degree celsius
Heat calorie = energy needed to raise 1 mL of water 1-degree celsius
What is BMR?
Basal metabolic rate = rate at which the body expends energy under basal conditions
What are considered basal conditions?
Awake, at rest, after overnight fasting, and in a comfortable environment
What is energy balance?
Calories from intake = output from BMR
What is positive energy balance?
Calorie intake exceeds output
What is negative energy balance?
Calorie expenditure exceeds intake
Overweight is exceeding desirable weight by ____- ____%?
10-20%
Obesity is exceeding desirable weight by ____%?
20%
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes
What are the two types of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, and K
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
B-complex vitamins and vitamin C
What helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins?
Bile-salts
Vitamin A function?
Skin and vision
Vitamin D function?
Mineralization of bones by absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin E function?
Antioxidant and healing
Vitamin K function?
Blood clotting
Vitamin B1?
Thiamin
Deficiency can result in edema and enlarged heart
Vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
Deficiency can result in dermitis
Vitamin B3?
Niacin
Deficiency can result in pellagra
What are minerals?
Inorganic substances essential in metabolism
Vegan?
No animal foods
Ovo-vegetarian?
Eggs allowed
Lacto-vegetarian?
Dairy allowed
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian?
Dairy and eggs allowed
Pesco-vegetarian?
Dairy, eggs, and fish allowed
Semi-vegetarian?
Dairy, eggs, fish, and chicken allowed
Primary malnutrition?
Malnutrition from diet alone
Secondary malnutrition?
Adequate diet, but individual characteristics make diet insufficient
Marasmus?
Macronutrient deficiency
Kwashiorkor?
Protein deficiency
Anorexia nervosa?
Self-starvation
Bulimia?
Binge-and-purge cycles
How should macronutrient percentages be divided?
60% carbs
18% protein
22% fat
How does BMR change over life span?
Rises in childhood, peaks in adolescents, declines in adulthood
Sodium?
Fluid balance
Chloride?
Digestion and brain function
Potassium?
Blood pressure
Calcium?
Bones, teeth, muscle contraction, nerve function
Phosphorus?
Combined to help make bones
Magnesium?
Muscle contraction and nerve impulses
Sulfate?
Synthesizing compounds
What are the minerals of the body?
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium