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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 59-69 > Flashcards

Pages 59-69 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients?

A

Chemicals from the environment that organisms need to survive

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2
Q

Macronutrients?

A

Required in large quantities

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3
Q

Micronutrients?

A

Required in small quantities

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4
Q

Essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Organic compounds (CH2O)n. Include sugar, starch, and glycogen

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6
Q

What are the two complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch (plant) and glycogen (animal)

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7
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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8
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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9
Q

What are the disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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10
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The production of glycogen from glucose

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11
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic compounds that include fats, oils, and fat-like substances such as phospholipids and cholesterol

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12
Q

What are two major functions of fats?

A

Supply energy and allow for fat-soluble vitamin absorption

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13
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Food of mainly animal origin that have all single bonds between carbon atoms

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14
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Foods such as nuts and seeds that have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

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15
Q

Cholesterol?

A

A waxy substance found in many body tissues that is an important precursor to many hormones

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16
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Any type of soluble protein that transports lipids in the bloodstream

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17
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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18
Q

AHA advises that diets not exceed ____% of calories from fat?

A

30%

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19
Q

What are the molecular building blocks for protein?

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

How many different amino acids?

A

20

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21
Q

Process for protein to be used for energy?

A

-Protein broken down by peptidases
-Amine group (NH2) removed
-NH2 converted to urea and excreted

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22
Q

How many essential amino acids?

A

9 (6 conditionally essential)

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23
Q

How many nonessential amino acids?

A

11 (6 conditionally essential)

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24
Q

What is a complete protein?

A

Contains adequate amounts of essential amino acids

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25
Q

What is an incomplete protein?

A

Does not contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids

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26
Q

Protein should be ____% of a person’s diet?

A

10%

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27
Q

How many grams of protein per day should be consumed?

A

60-150g

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28
Q

What does protein deficiency lead to?

A

Tissue wasting and decline of blood plasma proteins

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29
Q

What will cells do if they do not have a supply of energy present?

A

They start to eat themselves (autophagy)

30
Q

What is the difference between a food calorie and a heat calorie?

A

Food Calorie = energy needed to raise 1 liter of water 1-degree celsius
Heat calorie = energy needed to raise 1 mL of water 1-degree celsius

31
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate = rate at which the body expends energy under basal conditions

32
Q

What are considered basal conditions?

A

Awake, at rest, after overnight fasting, and in a comfortable environment

33
Q

What is energy balance?

A

Calories from intake = output from BMR

34
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

Calorie intake exceeds output

35
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

Calorie expenditure exceeds intake

36
Q

Overweight is exceeding desirable weight by ____- ____%?

A

10-20%

37
Q

Obesity is exceeding desirable weight by ____%?

A

20%

38
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes

39
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble and water-soluble

40
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

41
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B-complex vitamins and vitamin C

42
Q

What helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Bile-salts

43
Q

Vitamin A function?

A

Skin and vision

44
Q

Vitamin D function?

A

Mineralization of bones by absorption of calcium and phosphorus

45
Q

Vitamin E function?

A

Antioxidant and healing

46
Q

Vitamin K function?

A

Blood clotting

47
Q

Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin
Deficiency can result in edema and enlarged heart

48
Q

Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin
Deficiency can result in dermitis

49
Q

Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin
Deficiency can result in pellagra

50
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic substances essential in metabolism

51
Q

Vegan?

A

No animal foods

52
Q

Ovo-vegetarian?

A

Eggs allowed

53
Q

Lacto-vegetarian?

A

Dairy allowed

54
Q

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian?

A

Dairy and eggs allowed

55
Q

Pesco-vegetarian?

A

Dairy, eggs, and fish allowed

56
Q

Semi-vegetarian?

A

Dairy, eggs, fish, and chicken allowed

57
Q

Primary malnutrition?

A

Malnutrition from diet alone

58
Q

Secondary malnutrition?

A

Adequate diet, but individual characteristics make diet insufficient

59
Q

Marasmus?

A

Macronutrient deficiency

60
Q

Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein deficiency

61
Q

Anorexia nervosa?

A

Self-starvation

62
Q

Bulimia?

A

Binge-and-purge cycles

63
Q

How should macronutrient percentages be divided?

A

60% carbs
18% protein
22% fat

64
Q

How does BMR change over life span?

A

Rises in childhood, peaks in adolescents, declines in adulthood

65
Q

Sodium?

A

Fluid balance

66
Q

Chloride?

A

Digestion and brain function

67
Q

Potassium?

A

Blood pressure

68
Q

Calcium?

A

Bones, teeth, muscle contraction, nerve function

69
Q

Phosphorus?

A

Combined to help make bones

70
Q

Magnesium?

A

Muscle contraction and nerve impulses

71
Q

Sulfate?

A

Synthesizing compounds

72
Q

What are the minerals of the body?

A

Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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