Pages 40-50 Flashcards
The lymphatic system protects the body against infection from ____ and ____-____ ____?
Pathogens… disease-causing agents
Pathogen?
An organism causing disease to its host
Infection?
The presence/multiplication of pathogens
What are the body’s two mechanisms of defense?
Innate defense (general type)
Adaptive defense (more specific)
What are the seven types of innate defense?
-Species resistance
-Mechanical barriers
-Inflammation
-Chemical barriers
-Natural killer cells
-Phaygocytosis
-Fever
Species resistance?
The natural resistance of an organ against a pathogen
Mechanical barriers?
Unbroken skin and mucus membranes
Inflammation?
Enzymes, Ph extremes, and high salt all harm pahogens
Chemical barriers?
Distinct lymphocytes secrete perforin (lyse infected cell)
Natural killer cells contain?
Contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules
Phagocytosis?
Engulf and destroy
Fever?
Elevated body temperture inhibits microbial growth
Antigens?
“Non-self” molecules that elicit an immune response
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
-Cellular immune response
-Humoral immune response
Cellular immune response performed by?
Performed by immune cells
Humoral immune response performed by?
Performed by antibodies
How are T-cells named?
Cells that mature in the thymus
How are B-cells named?
Cells that mature in bone marrow
Function of B-cell lymphocytes?
Activated when antigen binds to a specific receptor and they produce anitbodies
Function of T-cell lymphocytes?
Provide cell-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells
What are the two immune responses?
-Primary immune response
-Secondary immune response
What is the primary immune response?
Produced by first encounter with antigen and memory B-cells produced
What is the secondary immune response?
Second exposure produces a high concentration of antibodies and memory B-cells remain active years
Active immunization?
Administering antigens so the patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response
Passive immunotherapy?
Patient acquires temporary immunity through transfer of antibodies from another individual
Naturally acquired active immunity?
Exposure of live pathogens –> stimulation of immune response with symptoms of disease
Artificially acquired active immunity?
Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components –> stimulation immunity response without symptoms of the disease
Naturally acquired passive immunity?
Antibodies passed to the fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity?
Injection of antiserum contain specific antibodies or antitoxin
What is hypersensitivity in an immune response?
Exaggerated immune response to a non-harmful antigen
Immune system function declines early in life as the ___ ___ shrinks?
Thymus gland
T-cell and B-cell numbers do not ____ but their ____ does ____?
Decline…. effectiveness … decline
What is type I hypersensitivity?
Immediate/allergic hypersensitivity
What is type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (i.e. mismatched blood transfusion)
What is type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex disposition hypersensitivity
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed hypersensitivity
The digestive system is esseentially a long ____?
Tube
What is the digestive system filled with?
Microbes
What are the two parts of digestion?
Mechanical breakdown of food
Chemical breakdown of food
What does mechanical digestion do?
Breaks large pieces of food into smaller pieces but does not change composition
What does chemical digestion do?
Breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals
The digestive system is made of the ____ ____ and ____ ____?
alimentary canal and accessory organs
What is the alimentary canal?
A muscular tube 8 meters long that passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
What are the four layers of the digestive tract?
Mucosa-innermost epithelial layer; mucous membrane that secretes mucus
Submucosa-connective tissue, vessels, and nerves (absorption)
Muscularis-circular and longitudinal muscle groups
Serosa-outermost epithelial layer with serous fluid that eliminates friction
What are the two types of movement in the digestive tract?
Mixing movements and propelling movements
What is segmentation?
The moving of food back and forth in a segment of the small intestine mixing it
What is peristalsis?
Propels food by contracting in a wavelike fashion
Parasympathetic impulses do in the digestive system?
Activates digestive system
Sympathetic impulses do in the digestive system?
Inhibits digestive actions
What is the first part of the alimentary canal?
The mouth
What is mastication?
Mechanical breakdown by chewing
Lingual frenulum?
Connects tongue to the floor of the mouth
Two functions of papillae in mouth?
Move/grip food
Contain taste buds
Two functions of papillae in the mouth?
Move/grip food
Contain taste buds
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Teeth
How do caries/cavities form?
-Sticky food gets stuck on or in between teeth
-Bacteria on teeth metabolize the sugars and convert to acids
-Acids then dissolve the enamal
Two functions of papillae in the mouth?
Move/grip food
Contain taste buds
What three substances does saliva contain?
Enzymes-chemical digestion of carbs
Bicarbonate-neutralize acids to protect teeth
Mucus-make bolus slippery
What are the three sets of salivary glands?
-Parotid glands
-Submandibular glands
-Sublingual glands
What two types of secretory cells do salivary glands contain?
Serous cell-salivary amylase (digestion)
Mucous cells-mucous (lubricates)
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Hypopharynx
Bolus?
Small rounded mass of substance/ball of chewed up food
What does the esophagus connect?
Pharynx and the stomach
What shape is the stomach?
J-shaped
Two major functions of the stomach?
-Mix food with gastric juice
-Initiate protein digestion
What are the three muscular layers of the stomach?
Outer-Longitudinal layer
Middle-Circular
Inner-Oblique layer
What are rugae?
Folds in stomach lining that allow for distension
Distension?
Expansion of the stomach
What are the three types of secretory cells which produce gastric juice?
Chief cells-pepsinogen (break down proteins)
Parietal cells-HCl/hydrochloric acid (Vitamin B12 absorption)
Mucous cells-mucous (protect stomach lining)
What is the semi-fluid paste called that results from the mixing of food and gastric juice?
Chyme
What is the ring of smooth muscle called that connects the stomach and small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
