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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 40-50 > Flashcards

Pages 40-50 Flashcards

1
Q

The lymphatic system protects the body against infection from ____ and ____-____ ____?

A

Pathogens… disease-causing agents

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2
Q

Pathogen?

A

An organism causing disease to its host

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3
Q

Infection?

A

The presence/multiplication of pathogens

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4
Q

What are the body’s two mechanisms of defense?

A

Innate defense (general type)
Adaptive defense (more specific)

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5
Q

What are the seven types of innate defense?

A

-Species resistance
-Mechanical barriers
-Inflammation
-Chemical barriers
-Natural killer cells
-Phaygocytosis
-Fever

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6
Q

Species resistance?

A

The natural resistance of an organ against a pathogen

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7
Q

Mechanical barriers?

A

Unbroken skin and mucus membranes

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8
Q

Inflammation?

A

Enzymes, Ph extremes, and high salt all harm pahogens

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9
Q

Chemical barriers?

A

Distinct lymphocytes secrete perforin (lyse infected cell)

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10
Q

Natural killer cells contain?

A

Contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules

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11
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Engulf and destroy

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12
Q

Fever?

A

Elevated body temperture inhibits microbial growth

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13
Q

Antigens?

A

“Non-self” molecules that elicit an immune response

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14
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

-Cellular immune response
-Humoral immune response

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15
Q

Cellular immune response performed by?

A

Performed by immune cells

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16
Q

Humoral immune response performed by?

A

Performed by antibodies

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17
Q

How are T-cells named?

A

Cells that mature in the thymus

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18
Q

How are B-cells named?

A

Cells that mature in bone marrow

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19
Q

Function of B-cell lymphocytes?

A

Activated when antigen binds to a specific receptor and they produce anitbodies

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20
Q

Function of T-cell lymphocytes?

A

Provide cell-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells

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21
Q

What are the two immune responses?

A

-Primary immune response
-Secondary immune response

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22
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

Produced by first encounter with antigen and memory B-cells produced

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23
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

Second exposure produces a high concentration of antibodies and memory B-cells remain active years

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24
Q

Active immunization?

A

Administering antigens so the patient actively mounts an adaptive immune response

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25
Q

Passive immunotherapy?

A

Patient acquires temporary immunity through transfer of antibodies from another individual

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26
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity?

A

Exposure of live pathogens –> stimulation of immune response with symptoms of disease

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27
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components –> stimulation immunity response without symptoms of the disease

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28
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity?

A

Antibodies passed to the fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity

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29
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Injection of antiserum contain specific antibodies or antitoxin

30
Q

What is hypersensitivity in an immune response?

A

Exaggerated immune response to a non-harmful antigen

31
Q

Immune system function declines early in life as the ___ ___ shrinks?

A

Thymus gland

32
Q

T-cell and B-cell numbers do not ____ but their ____ does ____?

A

Decline…. effectiveness … decline

33
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity?

A

Immediate/allergic hypersensitivity

34
Q

What is type II hypersensitivity?

A

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (i.e. mismatched blood transfusion)

35
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex disposition hypersensitivity

36
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

37
Q

The digestive system is esseentially a long ____?

A

Tube

38
Q

What is the digestive system filled with?

A

Microbes

39
Q

What are the two parts of digestion?

A

Mechanical breakdown of food
Chemical breakdown of food

40
Q

What does mechanical digestion do?

A

Breaks large pieces of food into smaller pieces but does not change composition

41
Q

What does chemical digestion do?

A

Breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals

42
Q

The digestive system is made of the ____ ____ and ____ ____?

A

alimentary canal and accessory organs

43
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

A muscular tube 8 meters long that passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

44
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa-innermost epithelial layer; mucous membrane that secretes mucus
Submucosa-connective tissue, vessels, and nerves (absorption)
Muscularis-circular and longitudinal muscle groups
Serosa-outermost epithelial layer with serous fluid that eliminates friction

45
Q

What are the two types of movement in the digestive tract?

A

Mixing movements and propelling movements

46
Q

What is segmentation?

A

The moving of food back and forth in a segment of the small intestine mixing it

47
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propels food by contracting in a wavelike fashion

48
Q

Parasympathetic impulses do in the digestive system?

A

Activates digestive system

49
Q

Sympathetic impulses do in the digestive system?

A

Inhibits digestive actions

50
Q

What is the first part of the alimentary canal?

A

The mouth

51
Q

What is mastication?

A

Mechanical breakdown by chewing

52
Q

Lingual frenulum?

A

Connects tongue to the floor of the mouth

53
Q

Two functions of papillae in mouth?

A

Move/grip food
Contain taste buds

54
Q

Two functions of papillae in the mouth?

A

Move/grip food
Contain taste buds

55
Q

What is the hardest substance in the human body?

A

Teeth

56
Q

How do caries/cavities form?

A

-Sticky food gets stuck on or in between teeth
-Bacteria on teeth metabolize the sugars and convert to acids
-Acids then dissolve the enamal

57
Q

Two functions of papillae in the mouth?

A

Move/grip food
Contain taste buds

58
Q

What three substances does saliva contain?

A

Enzymes-chemical digestion of carbs
Bicarbonate-neutralize acids to protect teeth
Mucus-make bolus slippery

59
Q

What are the three sets of salivary glands?

A

-Parotid glands
-Submandibular glands
-Sublingual glands

60
Q

What two types of secretory cells do salivary glands contain?

A

Serous cell-salivary amylase (digestion)
Mucous cells-mucous (lubricates)

61
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Hypopharynx

62
Q

Bolus?

A

Small rounded mass of substance/ball of chewed up food

63
Q

What does the esophagus connect?

A

Pharynx and the stomach

64
Q

What shape is the stomach?

A

J-shaped

65
Q

Two major functions of the stomach?

A

-Mix food with gastric juice
-Initiate protein digestion

66
Q

What are the three muscular layers of the stomach?

A

Outer-Longitudinal layer
Middle-Circular
Inner-Oblique layer

67
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in stomach lining that allow for distension

68
Q

Distension?

A

Expansion of the stomach

69
Q

What are the three types of secretory cells which produce gastric juice?

A

Chief cells-pepsinogen (break down proteins)
Parietal cells-HCl/hydrochloric acid (Vitamin B12 absorption)
Mucous cells-mucous (protect stomach lining)

70
Q

What is the semi-fluid paste called that results from the mixing of food and gastric juice?

A

Chyme

71
Q

What is the ring of smooth muscle called that connects the stomach and small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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