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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 51-58 > Flashcards

Pages 51-58 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the pancreas both and endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Endocrine-hormones insulin and glucagon
Exocrine-digestive juice called pancreatic juice

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2
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

The cells that make up most of the pancreas and release pancreatic juice

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3
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

Enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

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4
Q

Function of pancreatic glucagon?

A

Raises blood glucose levels

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5
Q

Pancreatic lipase?

A

Breaks down triglycerides

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6
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase?

A

Digests proteins (released in inactive form)

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7
Q

Nucleases?

A

Digest nucleic acid

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8
Q

Bicarbonate ions function?

A

Make pancreatic juice alkaline to buffer stomach acid

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9
Q

What is the largest internal organ?

A

Liver

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10
Q

How is the liver divided?

A

Into four lobes

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11
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

Hepatic lobules

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12
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids?

A

Filters for blood

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13
Q

What are the five functions of the liver?

A

Carb/lipid/protein metabolism
Storage
Blood filtering
Detoxification
Secretion

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14
Q

What is bile?

A

A yellowish/greenish alkaline solution

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15
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Substance produced from cholesterol that emulsifies fats

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16
Q

Gall bladder?

A

Pear-shaped sac that stores and concentrates bile

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17
Q

What causes gallstones?

A

Excess bile concentration (Cholesterol precipitates and forms solid crystals. Those crystals enlarge.)

18
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E, and K

19
Q

Where does the small intestine begin and end?

A

Pyloric sphincter and large intestine

20
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A

The majority of nutrient absorption

21
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ilium

22
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A folded membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

23
Q

What does the small intestine have to increase surface area?

A

Intestinal villi

24
Q

What do the villas of the small intestine consist of/are made of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

25
Q

What does each epithelial cell contain in the small intestine to increase surface area?

A

Microvilli

26
Q

What are the three enzymes do break down disaccharides?

A

Sucrase, maltase, and lactase

27
Q

What enzyme breaks down fats?

A

Lipase

28
Q

What are the three layers of folds in the small intestine?

A

-Plicae circulares
-Villi
-Microvilli

29
Q

Steps to break down protein?

A

-Protein is broken into polypeptides by pepsin
-Pancreatic proteases break down polypeptides (and protein) into smaller peptides
-Intestinal peptidases breakdown peptides into amino acids

30
Q

What are fats broken into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

31
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

Lymphatic vessel in the small intestine

32
Q

What two mechanical functions does the small intestine perform?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

33
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Strong peristaltic rush from small intestine because it is distended or irritated

34
Q

What does the large intestine absorb?

A

H2O and electrolytes

35
Q

What are the four layers of the large intestine?

A

Same as the rest of the alimentary canal
-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis mocousa
-Serosa

36
Q

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

A

-Absorb water
-House intestinal flora
-Form and store feces

37
Q

What four components make up the large intestine?

A

-Cecum
-Colon
-Rectum
-Anal canal

38
Q

How are the mechanical actions of the large and small intestines similar?

A

Both perform mixing and peristalsis just the large intestine performs these actions slower

39
Q

What must relax for defecation to occur?

A

Internal anal sphincter

40
Q

What composes feces?

A

Materials neither digested or absorbed

41
Q

What are the 5 changes that occur in the digestive system with age?

A

-Teeth decay
-Peristalsis slows
-More frequent constipation
-Nutrient absorption decreases
-Slowing of gastric secretions

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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