Pages 51-58

Question 1

How is the pancreas both and endocrine and exocrine gland?

Answer 1

Endocrine-hormones insulin and glucagon
Exocrine-digestive juice called pancreatic juice

Question 2

What are acinar cells?

Answer 2

The cells that make up most of the pancreas and release pancreatic juice

Question 3

What does pancreatic juice contain?

Answer 3

Enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 4

Function of pancreatic glucagon?

Answer 4

Raises blood glucose levels

Question 5

Pancreatic lipase?

Answer 5

Breaks down triglycerides

Question 6

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase?

Answer 6

Digests proteins (released in inactive form)

Question 7

Nucleases?

Answer 7

Digest nucleic acid

Question 8

Bicarbonate ions function?

Answer 8

Make pancreatic juice alkaline to buffer stomach acid

Question 9

What is the largest internal organ?

Answer 9

Liver

Question 10

How is the liver divided?

Answer 10

Into four lobes

Question 11

What is the functional unit of the liver?

Answer 11

Hepatic lobules

Question 12

What are hepatic sinusoids?

Answer 12

Filters for blood

Question 13

What are the five functions of the liver?

Answer 13

Carb/lipid/protein metabolism
Storage
Blood filtering
Detoxification
Secretion

Question 14

What is bile?

Answer 14

A yellowish/greenish alkaline solution

Question 15

What are bile salts?

Answer 15

Substance produced from cholesterol that emulsifies fats

Question 16

Gall bladder?

Answer 16

Pear-shaped sac that stores and concentrates bile

Question 17

What causes gallstones?

Answer 17

Excess bile concentration (Cholesterol precipitates and forms solid crystals. Those crystals enlarge.)

Question 18

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 18

A,D,E, and K

Question 19

Where does the small intestine begin and end?

Answer 19

Pyloric sphincter and large intestine

Question 20

What occurs in the small intestine?

Answer 20

The majority of nutrient absorption

Question 21

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 21

-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ilium

Question 22

What is mesentery?

Answer 22

A folded membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

Question 23

What does the small intestine have to increase surface area?

Answer 23

Intestinal villi

Question 24

What do the villas of the small intestine consist of/are made of?

Answer 24

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 25

What does each epithelial cell contain in the small intestine to increase surface area?

Answer 25

Microvilli

Question 26

What are the three enzymes do break down disaccharides?

Answer 26

Sucrase, maltase, and lactase

Question 27

What enzyme breaks down fats?

Answer 27

Lipase

Question 28

What are the three layers of folds in the small intestine?

Answer 28

-Plicae circulares -Villi -Microvilli

Question 29

Steps to break down protein?

Answer 29

-Protein is broken into polypeptides by pepsin -Pancreatic proteases break down polypeptides (and protein) into smaller peptides -Intestinal peptidases breakdown peptides into amino acids

Question 30

What are fats broken into?

Answer 30

Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 31

What is a lacteal?

Answer 31

Lymphatic vessel in the small intestine

Question 32

What two mechanical functions does the small intestine perform?

Answer 32

Peristalsis and segmentation

Question 33

What causes diarrhea?

Answer 33

Strong peristaltic rush from small intestine because it is distended or irritated

Question 34

What does the large intestine absorb?

Answer 34

H2O and electrolytes

Question 35

What are the four layers of the large intestine?

Answer 35

Same as the rest of the alimentary canal -Mucosa -Submucosa -Muscularis mocousa -Serosa

Question 36

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

Answer 36

-Absorb water -House intestinal flora -Form and store feces

Question 37

What four components make up the large intestine?

Answer 37

-Cecum -Colon -Rectum -Anal canal

Question 38

How are the mechanical actions of the large and small intestines similar?

Answer 38

Both perform mixing and peristalsis just the large intestine performs these actions slower

Question 39

What must relax for defecation to occur?

Answer 39

Internal anal sphincter

Question 40

What composes feces?

Answer 40

Materials neither digested or absorbed

Question 41

What are the 5 changes that occur in the digestive system with age?

Answer 41

-Teeth decay -Peristalsis slows -More frequent constipation -Nutrient absorption decreases -Slowing of gastric secretions