Pages 105-115 Flashcards
Gametes?
Sex cells/reproductive cells
How many chromosomes does a normal cell in the body have?
46
How many chromosomes does a gamete have?
23
What process is responsible for giving gametes half the number of chromosomes?
Meiosis
What are the four phases of meiosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase
What is the primary sex organs of a male?
2 testes
What two things are produced in the testes?
Spermatozoa and testosterone
Tunica albuginea?
Tough fibrous capsule enclosing each testi
How many lobules are there in the testes?
About 250 in each one
Seminiferous tubules function?
Spermatogenesis
What do spermatogenic cells give rise to?
Sperm
Cells of Leydig/interstitial cells function?
Produce testosterone
Sustentacular/sertoli cells function?
Support and nourish cells during spermogenesis
Three structures of sperm cells?
-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail/flagellum
Head of sperm cell contain?
Contain a nucleus and 23 chromosomes and an acrosome
Acrosome function?
Breakdown egg cell so it can be fertilized
What does the midpiece of sperm cell contain?
Mitochondria and ATP for swimming
Tail/flagellum of sperm cell contain?
Microtubules for swimming
Epididymis?
Narrow, tightly coiled tubes at the top of each testis that promotes maturation of sperm cells
Ductus deferens?
45cm long tubes that extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles?
Each is attached to the ductus deferens near the urinary bladder. It secretes an alkaline fluid to regulate pH of male and female reproductive tracts
Bulbourethral gland function?
Produce pre-ejaculate to sterilize the urethra and lubricate the penis
____ + ____ semen?
Sperm + secretions (from accessory glands)
Why does semen contain prostaglandins?
Promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus
Scrotum?
Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue located behind the penis
Dantos muscle?
A smooth muscle that responds to temperature change to testis are kept 5 degrees below body temp
The function of the penis?
Convey urine and semen thru the urethra to the outside of the body
What are the two parts that make up erectile tissue?
Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
What are female sex cells called?
Oocytes
What four things does the female reproductive system do?
-Transport oocytes to the site of fertilization
-Provide favorable environment
-Transport offspring
-Produce female sex hormones
What is the primary female sex organ?
Ovaries
What does the ovarian medulla contain?
Blood vessels and nerves
What does the ovarian cortex consist of?
Compact tissue with a granular appearance due to ovarian follicles
What is an ovarian follicle?
A small fluid-filled sac that contains and immature egg
What is oogenesis?
Egg cell formation
What is a zygote?
A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes/a fertilized ovum
What are the two layers of a follicle?
Theca externa-connective tissue
Theca interna-layer of cells produce steroids
What are the accessory female reproductive organs?
Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
What is another name for uterine tubes?
Fallopian tubes
Infundibulum general definition?
A funnel-shaped cavity or structure
Where does fertilization of the egg occur?
In the uterine tube
What is the uterus?
A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ
What are the three parts of the uterus?
Fundus-top
Body-upper 2/3
Cervix-lower 1/3
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Endometrium-mucosa/inner layer
Myometrium-muscle layer/middle layer
Perimetrium-serosa/outer layer
What is the vagina?
A fibromuscular tube that runs between the uterus and the outside of the body
What is the vagina partially enclosed by?
Hymen
What are the external female reproductive organs?
Vulva
-labia majora
-labia minora
-clitoris
-vestibular glands
Labia majora?
Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
Mons pubis?
Rounded elevation over symphysis pubis
Libia minora?
Flattened longitudinal folds between labia majora
Clitoris?
Hood-like covering that (corresponds to the penis) is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva
What does estrogen do in females?
-Stimulates enlargement of accessory reproductive organs
-Thickens endometrium
-Secondary sex characteristics
What does progesterone do in females?
-Stimulates uterine change during menstrual cycles
-Affects mammary glands
What does the menstrual cycle cumulate in?
Menses/bleeding
What is responsible for ovulation?
A surge in LH
What three things occur in menopause?
-Menstrual cycle stops (40s-50s)
-Ovaries no longer produce as much estrogen and progesterone
-Hot flashes
What is the exterior structure of the mammary gland?
A nipple surrounded by an areola
What is the internal structure of the mammary gland?
Alveolar glands –> alveolar ducts –> lactiferous duct –> nipple –> orifice
