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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 105-115 > Flashcards

Pages 105-115 Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes?

A

Sex cells/reproductive cells

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal cell in the body have?

A

46

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

A

23

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4
Q

What process is responsible for giving gametes half the number of chromosomes?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

What are the four phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

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6
Q

What is the primary sex organs of a male?

A

2 testes

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7
Q

What two things are produced in the testes?

A

Spermatozoa and testosterone

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8
Q

Tunica albuginea?

A

Tough fibrous capsule enclosing each testi

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9
Q

How many lobules are there in the testes?

A

About 250 in each one

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10
Q

Seminiferous tubules function?

A

Spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What do spermatogenic cells give rise to?

A

Sperm

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12
Q

Cells of Leydig/interstitial cells function?

A

Produce testosterone

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13
Q

Sustentacular/sertoli cells function?

A

Support and nourish cells during spermogenesis

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14
Q

Three structures of sperm cells?

A

-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail/flagellum

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15
Q

Head of sperm cell contain?

A

Contain a nucleus and 23 chromosomes and an acrosome

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16
Q

Acrosome function?

A

Breakdown egg cell so it can be fertilized

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17
Q

What does the midpiece of sperm cell contain?

A

Mitochondria and ATP for swimming

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18
Q

Tail/flagellum of sperm cell contain?

A

Microtubules for swimming

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19
Q

Epididymis?

A

Narrow, tightly coiled tubes at the top of each testis that promotes maturation of sperm cells

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20
Q

Ductus deferens?

A

45cm long tubes that extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

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21
Q

Seminal vesicles?

A

Each is attached to the ductus deferens near the urinary bladder. It secretes an alkaline fluid to regulate pH of male and female reproductive tracts

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22
Q

Bulbourethral gland function?

A

Produce pre-ejaculate to sterilize the urethra and lubricate the penis

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23
Q

____ + ____ semen?

A

Sperm + secretions (from accessory glands)

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24
Q

Why does semen contain prostaglandins?

A

Promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus

25
Q

Scrotum?

A

Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue located behind the penis

26
Q

Dantos muscle?

A

A smooth muscle that responds to temperature change to testis are kept 5 degrees below body temp

27
Q

The function of the penis?

A

Convey urine and semen thru the urethra to the outside of the body

28
Q

What are the two parts that make up erectile tissue?

A

Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

29
Q

What are female sex cells called?

A

Oocytes

30
Q

What four things does the female reproductive system do?

A

-Transport oocytes to the site of fertilization
-Provide favorable environment
-Transport offspring
-Produce female sex hormones

31
Q

What is the primary female sex organ?

A

Ovaries

32
Q

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

33
Q

What does the ovarian cortex consist of?

A

Compact tissue with a granular appearance due to ovarian follicles

34
Q

What is an ovarian follicle?

A

A small fluid-filled sac that contains and immature egg

35
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Egg cell formation

36
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes/a fertilized ovum

37
Q

What are the two layers of a follicle?

A

Theca externa-connective tissue
Theca interna-layer of cells produce steroids

38
Q

What are the accessory female reproductive organs?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

39
Q

What is another name for uterine tubes?

A

Fallopian tubes

40
Q

Infundibulum general definition?

A

A funnel-shaped cavity or structure

41
Q

Where does fertilization of the egg occur?

A

In the uterine tube

42
Q

What is the uterus?

A

A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ

43
Q

What are the three parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus-top
Body-upper 2/3
Cervix-lower 1/3

44
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium-mucosa/inner layer
Myometrium-muscle layer/middle layer
Perimetrium-serosa/outer layer

45
Q

What is the vagina?

A

A fibromuscular tube that runs between the uterus and the outside of the body

46
Q

What is the vagina partially enclosed by?

A

Hymen

47
Q

What are the external female reproductive organs?

A

Vulva
-labia majora
-labia minora
-clitoris
-vestibular glands

48
Q

Labia majora?

A

Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin

49
Q

Mons pubis?

A

Rounded elevation over symphysis pubis

50
Q

Libia minora?

A

Flattened longitudinal folds between labia majora

51
Q

Clitoris?

A

Hood-like covering that (corresponds to the penis) is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva

52
Q

What does estrogen do in females?

A

-Stimulates enlargement of accessory reproductive organs
-Thickens endometrium
-Secondary sex characteristics

53
Q

What does progesterone do in females?

A

-Stimulates uterine change during menstrual cycles
-Affects mammary glands

54
Q

What does the menstrual cycle cumulate in?

A

Menses/bleeding

55
Q

What is responsible for ovulation?

A

A surge in LH

56
Q

What three things occur in menopause?

A

-Menstrual cycle stops (40s-50s)
-Ovaries no longer produce as much estrogen and progesterone
-Hot flashes

57
Q

What is the exterior structure of the mammary gland?

A

A nipple surrounded by an areola

58
Q

What is the internal structure of the mammary gland?

A

Alveolar glands –> alveolar ducts –> lactiferous duct –> nipple –> orifice

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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