Pages 105-115 Flashcards by Does Not Matter

Gametes?

Sex cells/reproductive cells

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How many chromosomes does a normal cell in the body have?

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How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

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What process is responsible for giving gametes half the number of chromosomes?

Meiosis

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What are the four phases of meiosis?

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

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What is the primary sex organs of a male?

2 testes

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What two things are produced in the testes?

Spermatozoa and testosterone

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Tunica albuginea?

Tough fibrous capsule enclosing each testi

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How many lobules are there in the testes?

About 250 in each one

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Seminiferous tubules function?

Spermatogenesis

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What do spermatogenic cells give rise to?

Sperm

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Cells of Leydig/interstitial cells function?

Produce testosterone

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Sustentacular/sertoli cells function?

Support and nourish cells during spermogenesis

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Three structures of sperm cells?

-Head
-Midpiece
-Tail/flagellum

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Head of sperm cell contain?

Contain a nucleus and 23 chromosomes and an acrosome

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Acrosome function?

Breakdown egg cell so it can be fertilized

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What does the midpiece of sperm cell contain?

Mitochondria and ATP for swimming

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Tail/flagellum of sperm cell contain?

Microtubules for swimming

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Epididymis?

Narrow, tightly coiled tubes at the top of each testis that promotes maturation of sperm cells

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Ductus deferens?

45cm long tubes that extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

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Seminal vesicles?

Each is attached to the ductus deferens near the urinary bladder. It secretes an alkaline fluid to regulate pH of male and female reproductive tracts

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Bulbourethral gland function?

Produce pre-ejaculate to sterilize the urethra and lubricate the penis

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____ + ____ semen?

Sperm + secretions (from accessory glands)

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Why does semen contain prostaglandins?

Promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus

Scrotum?

Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue located behind the penis

Dantos muscle?

A smooth muscle that responds to temperature change to testis are kept 5 degrees below body temp

The function of the penis?

Convey urine and semen thru the urethra to the outside of the body

What are the two parts that make up erectile tissue?

Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

What are female sex cells called?

Oocytes

What four things does the female reproductive system do?

-Transport oocytes to the site of fertilization -Provide favorable environment -Transport offspring -Produce female sex hormones

What is the primary female sex organ?

Ovaries

What does the ovarian medulla contain?

Blood vessels and nerves

What does the ovarian cortex consist of?

Compact tissue with a granular appearance due to ovarian follicles

What is an ovarian follicle?

A small fluid-filled sac that contains and immature egg

What is oogenesis?

Egg cell formation

What is a zygote?

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes/a fertilized ovum

What are the two layers of a follicle?

Theca externa-connective tissue Theca interna-layer of cells produce steroids

What are the accessory female reproductive organs?

Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

What is another name for uterine tubes?

Fallopian tubes

Infundibulum general definition?

A funnel-shaped cavity or structure

Where does fertilization of the egg occur?

In the uterine tube

What is the uterus?

A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ

What are the three parts of the uterus?

Fundus-top Body-upper 2/3 Cervix-lower 1/3

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Endometrium-mucosa/inner layer Myometrium-muscle layer/middle layer Perimetrium-serosa/outer layer

What is the vagina?

A fibromuscular tube that runs between the uterus and the outside of the body

What is the vagina partially enclosed by?

Hymen

What are the external female reproductive organs?

Vulva -labia majora -labia minora -clitoris -vestibular glands

Labia majora?

Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin

Mons pubis?

Rounded elevation over symphysis pubis

Libia minora?

Flattened longitudinal folds between labia majora

Clitoris?

Hood-like covering that (corresponds to the penis) is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva

What does estrogen do in females?

-Stimulates enlargement of accessory reproductive organs -Thickens endometrium -Secondary sex characteristics

What does progesterone do in females?

-Stimulates uterine change during menstrual cycles -Affects mammary glands

What does the menstrual cycle cumulate in?

Menses/bleeding

What is responsible for ovulation?

A surge in LH

What three things occur in menopause?

-Menstrual cycle stops (40s-50s) -Ovaries no longer produce as much estrogen and progesterone -Hot flashes

What is the exterior structure of the mammary gland?

A nipple surrounded by an areola

What is the internal structure of the mammary gland?

Alveolar glands --> alveolar ducts --> lactiferous duct --> nipple --> orifice