Pages 69-79 Flashcards
What two general things does the respiratory system consist of?
Passageways that condition (filter, moisten, and warm) the air
Lungs
Respiration?
The process of exchanging gases
How is the respiratory system divided?
Upper respiratory and lower respiratory systems
What five parts make up the upper respiratory system?
-Nose
-Nasal cavity
-Sinuses
-Pharynx
-Larynx
What three parts make up the lower respiratory system?
-Trachea
-Bronchial tree
-Lungs
What is the function of the nose/nostrils?
Provide openings for air to enter
What four structures does the nasal cavity contain?
-Nasal septum (divides nose)
-Nasal conchae (on lateral walls)
-Olfactory receptors (smell)
Mucous membrane (lining)
What is the function of the mucus membrane in the nasal cavity?
Trap particles/microbes
What happens to the microbes that are trapped in the mucus membrane?
The are swept to the pharynx where they are eventually swallowed and end up get destroyed in the stomach
What are the sinuses?
Air filled spaced that open into the nasal cavity
What are the three areas of the pharynx?
-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
What is and where is the larynx located?
Enlargement in the airway that sits superior to the trachea and anterior to the laryngopharynx
Where are the vocal chords housed?
Larynx
Where are the true vocal chords and false vocal chords located in relation to each other?
The false vocal chords are located superiorly to the true vocal chords
What is the purpose of the false vocal chords?
Regulate air flow and protect the airway
What does the trachea divide into?
Left and right primary bronchi
What is the trachea protected by?
20 c-shaped rigns of hyaline cartilage
What is the bronchial tree?
Branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs
What are the levels or organization in the bronchial tree?
-1st-degree bronchi
-2nd-degree bronchi
-3rd-degree bronchi
-intra lobar bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli
What is the structure of the main bronchi?
Similar to structure of the trachea
What 3 things happen as the bronchi brances become thinner?
-More smooth muscle
-Less cartilaginous tissue
-Epithelial cells change from pseudostratified ciliated columnar –> simple cuboidal –> simple squamous
Alveoli?
Air sacs where gas exchange occurs
What are the two phases of the respiratory cycle?
Inspiration and expiration
How does inspiration work?
According to Boyle’s Law, pressure and volume are inversely related. When the diaphragm contracts volume of thoracic cavity goes up and the pressure goes down.
What muscles are active during normal inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
What does maximal inspiration require?
The contraction of multiple muscles in the thorax
Does normal expiration require muscles?
No
What tool measures air volume?
Spirometry
What are the three respiratory volumes?
-Tidal volume
-Inspiratory reserve volume
-Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume?
Amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath
Inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after a normal tidal volume inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after a normal tidal volume expiration
Anatomical dead space?
Air that is present in the respiratory system but never reaches the alveoli
Alveolar dead space?
Air found in alveolar that are unable to function
Total/physiologic dead space = ____ ____ ____ + ____ ____ ____?
Alveolar dead space + anatomic dead space
Minute ventilation?
Volume of air that enters the lungs every minute
Alveolar ventilation rate?
The volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone per minute
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in arterial oxygen levels
What do central chemoreceptors do?
Moderate breathing rate based on CO2/pH levels detected in the brain
How does the respiratory system maintain pH balance?
It adjusts the level of CO2. CO2 forms carbonic acid in the body when exposed to water. By expelling carbon dioxide, this helps balance pH levels
