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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 69-79 > Flashcards

Pages 69-79 Flashcards

1
Q

What two general things does the respiratory system consist of?

A

Passageways that condition (filter, moisten, and warm) the air
Lungs

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2
Q

Respiration?

A

The process of exchanging gases

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3
Q

How is the respiratory system divided?

A

Upper respiratory and lower respiratory systems

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4
Q

What five parts make up the upper respiratory system?

A

-Nose
-Nasal cavity
-Sinuses
-Pharynx
-Larynx

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5
Q

What three parts make up the lower respiratory system?

A

-Trachea
-Bronchial tree
-Lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of the nose/nostrils?

A

Provide openings for air to enter

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7
Q

What four structures does the nasal cavity contain?

A

-Nasal septum (divides nose)
-Nasal conchae (on lateral walls)
-Olfactory receptors (smell)
Mucous membrane (lining)

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8
Q

What is the function of the mucus membrane in the nasal cavity?

A

Trap particles/microbes

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9
Q

What happens to the microbes that are trapped in the mucus membrane?

A

The are swept to the pharynx where they are eventually swallowed and end up get destroyed in the stomach

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10
Q

What are the sinuses?

A

Air filled spaced that open into the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What are the three areas of the pharynx?

A

-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx

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12
Q

What is and where is the larynx located?

A

Enlargement in the airway that sits superior to the trachea and anterior to the laryngopharynx

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13
Q

Where are the vocal chords housed?

A

Larynx

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14
Q

Where are the true vocal chords and false vocal chords located in relation to each other?

A

The false vocal chords are located superiorly to the true vocal chords

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the false vocal chords?

A

Regulate air flow and protect the airway

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16
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Left and right primary bronchi

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17
Q

What is the trachea protected by?

A

20 c-shaped rigns of hyaline cartilage

18
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs

19
Q

What are the levels or organization in the bronchial tree?

A

-1st-degree bronchi
-2nd-degree bronchi
-3rd-degree bronchi
-intra lobar bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli

20
Q

What is the structure of the main bronchi?

A

Similar to structure of the trachea

21
Q

What 3 things happen as the bronchi brances become thinner?

A

-More smooth muscle
-Less cartilaginous tissue
-Epithelial cells change from pseudostratified ciliated columnar –> simple cuboidal –> simple squamous

22
Q

Alveoli?

A

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs

23
Q

What are the two phases of the respiratory cycle?

A

Inspiration and expiration

24
Q

How does inspiration work?

A

According to Boyle’s Law, pressure and volume are inversely related. When the diaphragm contracts volume of thoracic cavity goes up and the pressure goes down.

25
Q

What muscles are active during normal inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

26
Q

What does maximal inspiration require?

A

The contraction of multiple muscles in the thorax

27
Q

Does normal expiration require muscles?

A

No

28
Q

What tool measures air volume?

A

Spirometry

29
Q

What are the three respiratory volumes?

A

-Tidal volume
-Inspiratory reserve volume
-Expiratory reserve volume

30
Q

Tidal volume?

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath

31
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after a normal tidal volume inspiration

32
Q

Expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after a normal tidal volume expiration

33
Q

Anatomical dead space?

A

Air that is present in the respiratory system but never reaches the alveoli

34
Q

Alveolar dead space?

A

Air found in alveolar that are unable to function

35
Q

Total/physiologic dead space = ____ ____ ____ + ____ ____ ____?

A

Alveolar dead space + anatomic dead space

36
Q

Minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air that enters the lungs every minute

37
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate?

A

The volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone per minute

38
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in arterial oxygen levels

39
Q

What do central chemoreceptors do?

A

Moderate breathing rate based on CO2/pH levels detected in the brain

40
Q

How does the respiratory system maintain pH balance?

A

It adjusts the level of CO2. CO2 forms carbonic acid in the body when exposed to water. By expelling carbon dioxide, this helps balance pH levels

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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