Pages 22-31

Question 1

What makes up the caridovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart + all blood vessels

Question 2

What is the order blood gets pumped through in the body? (vessel level)

Answer 2

Heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins

Question 3

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

Answer 3

Transports oxygen-poor blood from the heart –> lungs –> heart

Question 4

What is the systemic circuit?

Answer 4

Carries blood from heart to rest of the body

Question 5

Mediastinum?

Answer 5

Area between the lungs

Question 6

Where are the atria?

Answer 6

The upper chambers of the heart

Question 7

Where are the ventricles?

Answer 7

Lower chambers of the heart and muscular pumps

Question 8

Fibrous pericardium?

Answer 8

Outer, fibrous, supportive, protective layer that surrounds the heart

Question 9

Pericardium?

Answer 9

Serous made up of 2 layers
-Parietal layer is deep to the fibrous pericardium
-Visceral layer is the inner layer of the serous membrane

Question 10

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 10

Epicardium-outer layer/visceral pericardium
Myocardium-middle layer/cardiac muscle
Endocardium-inner layer

Question 11

How does blood get pumped through the heart, lungs, and body?

Answer 11

Systemic circuit –> superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries–> alveolar capillaries –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral/bicuspid valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> systemic circuit

Question 12

Coronary arteries?

Answer 12

Supply blood to tissues of the heart

Question 13

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 13

The sequence of events that occurs during a single heartbeat

Question 14

Systole?

Answer 14

Contraction

Question 15

Diastole?

Answer 15

relaxation (expansion)

Question 16

What occurs in atrial systole and ventricular diastole?

Answer 16

Ventricles relaxed –> valve opens –>70% of blood flows in while last 30% is pushed in via atrial systole

Question 17

What does the heart sounds sound like?

Answer 17

Lubb-dubb

Question 18

What causes the Lubb-dubb sound of the heart?

Answer 18

The closing of heart valves and the sudden changes in blood flow

Question 19

What causes the Lubb sound?

Answer 19

1st heart sound
Ventricular systole
Atrioventricular (av) valves closing

Question 20

What causes the Dubb sound?

Answer 20

2nd heart sound
Ventricular diastole
Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing

Question 21

What is a heart murmur of a valve?

Answer 21

Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of valves

Question 22

What is a functional syncytium?

Answer 22

A mass of merging cells that function as a unit

Question 23

What are the two types of syncytium in the heart?

Answer 23

Atrial and ventricular syncytium

Question 24

What is the order of the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 24

SA node –> atrial syncytium –> junctional fibers –> AV node –> AV bundle –> bundle branches –> purkinje fibers –> ventricular syncytium

Question 25

What is the primary pacemaker that initiates rhythmic contraction?

Answer 25

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 26

What is an ECG?

Answer 26

EKG/electrocardiogram A recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during the cardiac cycle

Question 27

What 4 factors influence heart rate?

Answer 27

Physical exercise Body temperature Fight-or-flight Concentration of K+ and Ca2+ ions

Question 28

Parasympathetic impulses via ____ ____ ____ heart rate?

Answer 28

Vagus nerve decrease

Question 29

Sympathetic impulses via ____ ____ ____ heart rate?

Answer 29

Accelerator nerve increase

Question 30

What provides sensory info in the aorta and carotid artery?

Answer 30

Baroreceptors

Question 31

What area of the brain is the cardiac control center?

Answer 31

Medulla oblangata

Question 32

Arteries?

Answer 32

Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart

Question 33

Arterioles?

Answer 33

Receive blood from arteries and carry them to capillaries

Question 34

Capillaries?

Answer 34

Site where substances are exchanged between blood and body cells

Question 35

Venules?

Answer 35

Take blood from capillaries to veins

Question 36

Veins?

Answer 36

Recieve blood from venules and carry it back to the atria of the heart

Question 37

What are the three layers of arteries?

Answer 37

Tunica interna: innermost layer Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic tissue Tunica external: out layer of connective tissue

Question 38

How does diffusion in capillaries occur?

Answer 38

Lipid-soluble substances diffuse thru the cell membrane (High concentration to low concentration)

Question 39

Filtration?

Answer 39

Hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through the membrane

Question 40

Osmosis?

Answer 40

Diffusion of water

Question 41

Osmotic pressure?

Answer 41

Draws water into capillaries opposing filtration

Question 42

What occurs at the arteriolar end of a capillary?

Answer 42

Water and other substances leave the capillary because hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

Question 43

What occurs at the venular end of the capillary?

Answer 43

Water enters the capillary because osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure