Pages 80-90 Flashcards
What does the urinary system play a major role in maintaining?
Hemeostasis
What does the urinary system remove?
-Metabolic waste
-Substances present in excess
-Foreign substances (drugs and toxic metabolites)
What four organs make up the urinary system?
-Kidneys
-Ureters
-Urinary bladder
-Urethra
Kidney function?
Filter blood and form urine
Ureters function?
Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder function?
Collects and stores urine
Urethra function?
Conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside the body
Physical appearance of kidneys?
Reddish brown bean-shaped organ 12cm x 6cm
What are the kidneys surrounded by?
Tough, fibrous capsule
Retroperitoneal definition?
Behind the parietal peritoneum
What organs are retroperitoneal?
Kidneys
Renal sinus?
A fat-filled sinus in the middle of the kidney that cushions important parts
Renal hilus/hilum?
Entrance to the renal sinus
Renal pelvis?
Funnel-shaped sac superior of ureter
Major calyces?
Large tubes that merge to form the renal pelvis
Minor calyces?
Small tubes that merge to form major calyces
Renal columns?
Extensions of cortex that dip into medulla
Renal medulla?
Inner region composed of renal pyramids
Renal cortex?
Outer region of kidney
Renal capsule?
Fibrous capsule around kidney
Nephrons?
Functional units of the kidney
Which kidney sits slightly lower?
Right kidney because it is displaced slightly by the liver
What structure collects all the urine in the kidney?
Renal pelvis
What is the blood supply of the kidney?
The renal artery enters though the hilum and continues to branch nephrons and then returns to renal veins
Each kidney consists of ____ functional units called ____?
1 million… nephrons
What is the blood supply of the kidney?
The renal artery enters through hilum and continues to branch nephrons and then returns to renal veins
What is the blood filtering component of the kidney?
Renal corpuscle
What is the blood supply of the kidney?
The renal artery enters through the hilum and continues to branch nephrons and then returns to renal veins
___ + ____ ____ = Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus?
A cluster of capillaries around a kidney tubule
Bowman’s capsule?
A cup-like sac around the glomerulus
Renal tubule?
Extends from glomerular capsule to collecting duct
Nephron = ____ ____ + ____ ____?
Renal corpuscle + renal tubule
Chronic glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of glomerular capillairies
ESRD stand for?
End-stage renal disease
Four symptoms of chronic glomerulonephritis?
Hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, and dark urine
Stage one kidney disease?
Kidney damage with normal function 90eGFR or higher
Stage two kidney disease?
Kidney damage with minor loss of function 60-89eGFR
Stage three A kidney disease?
Mild to moderate loss of kidney function 59-45eGFR
Stage three B kidney disease?
Moderate to severe loss of function 44-30eGFR
Stage four kidney disease?
Severe kidney loss of function 29-15eGFR
Stage five kidney disease?
Kidney failure less than 15 eGFR
What does urine contain?
Wastes, excess H2O, and electrolytes
What are the three main processes of urine formation?
-Glomerular filtration
-Tubular reabsorption (Solutes and water back to bloodstream)
-Tubular secretion (Material goes from renal capillaries –> renal tubular lumen)
What is the average eGFR?
The average glomerular filtration rate is 125mL/min (180L/day)
Fenestrae?
Small, tiny, natural holes/openings
Why are glomerular capillaries so incredibly permeable?
They contain fenestrae
What role does hydrostatic pressure play in kidney function?
It filters substances through the glomerular capillary wall
How does the renin-angiotensin system respond to a decrease in blood pressure?
-Releases ADH (Kidneys release less water and vasoconstriction)
-Releases aldosterone (Holds sodium and water in the body while releasing potassium)
What is tubular reabsorption?
The movement of substances from renal tubules into the interstitial fluid where they can diffuse into peritubular capillaries
Where does 70% of tubular reabsorption occur?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What is tubular secretion?
The movement of wastes from peritubular capillaries into renal tubules
What happens to urine when ADH is secreted?
It becomes very concentrated
What is the main function of the nephron loop?
Absorbs water
