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Z Winter Break A&P II > Pages 11-21 > Flashcards

Pages 11-21 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

A type of connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the blood volume in the average person?

A

Females 4-5 liters
Males 5-6 liters

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3
Q

What three substances makeup blood by percent?

A

Plasma 55%
RBC 45%
WBC and platelets <1%

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4
Q

What is the production of blood cells called?

A

Hematopoiesis

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5
Q

What do blood cells originate from?

A

Hemocytoblasts
Hematopoietic stem cells

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6
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

All types of formed blood cells (except lymphocytes)

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8
Q

Describe two features of RBCs?

A

Lack nuclei
Biconcave disc shape

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9
Q

Oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin with oxygen
Dyoxyhemoglobin without oxygen

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10
Q

Erythropoiesis?

A

Production of RBCs

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11
Q

What two vitamins are required for erythropoiesis?

A

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

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12
Q

Anemia?

A

Condition in which O2 carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

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13
Q

Iron-deficient anemia?

A

Due to a lack of iron and hemoglobin deficient

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14
Q

What is another name for WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

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15
Q

What hormones cause the production of leukocytes?

A

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

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16
Q

What are the five types of WBC?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Neutrophils?

A

Made of light-purple granules
First to arrive at the site of infection with strong phagocytotic action

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18
Q

Eosinophils?

A

Made of course granules stained red
Function in allergic reaction and defend against parasitic worm infections

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19
Q

Basophils?

A

Large granules that stain deep blue
Release histamine (stimulate inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant)

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20
Q

Monocytes?

A

Largest of WBCs
Agranulocyte: visible granules absent
Leave the bloodstream and become macrophages

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Smallest of WBCs
Agranulocyte with a large spherical nucleus
T-cells (attack pathogen) and B-cells (produce antibodies)

22
Q

Inflammatory response?

A

A reaction that restricts the spread of infection. Promoted by secretion of heparin and histamine.

23
Q

Diapedesis?

A

Passage of blood cells through capilarries

24
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules?

A

Proteins that direct leukocytes to injury sites

25
Q

Positive chemotaxis?

A

Attraction of WBCs to an infection site

26
Q

What can an increase in neutrophils signal?

A

A bacterial infection

27
Q

Platelets?

A

Thrombocytes
Cytoplasmic fragments that help maintain homeostasis by stopping bleeding by sticking to protein surfaces
Release serotonin (vasoconstriction)

28
Q

Blood plasma?

A

The straw-colored liquid portion of blood which is 92% water and is 55% of blood volume

29
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and vitamins

30
Q

What are the three proteins found in plasma?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

31
Q

What are four nonprotein nitrogenous substances?

A

Urea
Uric acid
Amino acids
Creatine

32
Q

Uric acid product of?

A

Product of nucleic acid catabolism

33
Q

Urea?

A

Product of protein catabolism

34
Q

Amino acids product of?

A

Product of protein digestion

35
Q

Creatine?

A

Stores energy in phosphate bonds

36
Q

What is homeostasis in blood?

A

Refers to the stoppage of bleeding

37
Q

Vascular spasm?

A

Smooth muscle contracting rapidly

38
Q

What causes a vascular spasm?

A

Stimulated by a break in a small blood vessel

39
Q

How is a platelet plug formed?

A

When platelets are exposed to collagen they become sticky and adhere to rough surfaces

40
Q

How does blood coagulation occur?

A

In a cascade where one step leads to the next one

41
Q

Extrinsic clotting?

A

The process of blood coagulation by a protein/tissue factor extrinsic to the blood

42
Q

Intrinsic clotting?

A

Blood coagulation by factors within the blood

43
Q

Serum in blood?

A

The clear liquid portion of blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

44
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor function?

A

Stimulates repair

45
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

An abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

46
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A blood clot in a vital vessel supplying a vital organ

47
Q

Atherosclerosis?

A

Accumulation of fat in arterial linings

48
Q

Embolus?

A

A portion of a thrombus that has broken free and is traveling with the blood stream

49
Q

Embolism?

A

An embolus that has become trapped and blocks the blood flow to a critical organ

50
Q

How is coagulation prevented?

A

Smooth lining blood vessels
Fibrin threads absorb thrombin (prevents the clot from spreading)
Antithrombin inactivates additional thrombin
Heparin (stimulates antithrombin)

Z Winter Break A&P II (11 decks)

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