Packet 17 - Nervous System (2) Flashcards
Cerebrovascular disease r/t thrombosis/emboli in atherosclerotic vessels. Clot blocks blood flow to an area of the brain (the carotid artery is plaqued up → occlusion).
a. ) ischemic stroke
b. ) transient ischemic stroke (TIA)
c. ) hemorrhagic stroke
ischemic stroke
R/t thrombosis/emboli in atherosclerotic vessels
Path. Change: Cerebrovascular disease (disorder of vessels involved in cerebral circulation).
Assessment Findings:
P/C Factors:
- Increased age.
- Male gender.
- Race: African Americans have > risk.
- Increased cholesterol levels.
- Obesity.
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Cigarette smoking.
- Moderate to increased levels of alcohol use.
- HTN
- Heart disease (especially atrial fibrillation).
- Diabetes mellitus
- Prior stroke
- Sickle cell disease
- Polycythemia
Interventions:
- Thrombolytic therapy
- Meds that break down clots.
- Must be given within 3 hours LSN (last seen normal).
- Aspirin & Coumadin
Cerebrovascular disease in which bleeding into the brain tissue occurs usually r/t rupture of a blood vessel. Less frequent but high fatality.
a. ) ischemic stroke
b. ) transient ischemic stroke (TIA)
c. ) hemorrhagic stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Cerebrovascular disease in which bleeding into the brain tissue occurs usually r/t rupture of a blood vessel. Less frequent but high fatality.
Path. Change: Cerebrovascular disease (disorder of vessels involved in cerebral circulation).
Assessment Findings:
P/C Factors:
- HTN
- Aneurysms
- Blood dyscrasias / coagulopathies
- Trauma / Head injury
- tumors (erode vessels)
- Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels)
-
Arteriovenous malformations / AVMs
- Abnormal, thin-walled channel between arterial and venous systems.
- Usually congenital
Interventions:
- If aneurysm → clipping
- If AVM, attempt to surgically remove
Similar to ischemic stroke, but deficits last for <24 hours. Clot breaks down before cells die so s/s go away. Even though symptoms go away, it is a warning sign that needs to be further evaluated.
a. ) ischemic stroke
b. ) transient ischemic stroke (TIA)
c. ) hemorrhagic stroke
Transient Ischemic Stroke (TIA)
Similar to ischemic stroke, but deficits last for < 24 hours.
Path. Change: Cerebrovascular disease (disorder of vessels involved in cerebral circulation).
Assessment Findings:
P/C Factors:
- Increased age.
- Male gender.
- Race: African Americans have > risk.
- Increased cholesterol levels.
- Obesity.
- Sedentary lifestyle.
- Cigarette smoking.
- Moderate to increased levels of alcohol use.
- HTN
- Heart disease (especially atrial fibrillation).
- Diabetes mellitus
- Prior stroke
- Sickle cell disease
- Polycythemia
Interventions:
- Thrombolytic therapy
- Meds that break down clots.
- Must be given within 3 hours LSN (last seen normal).
- Aspirin & Coumadin
Generalized seizure (simultaneous onset in both hemispheres) that is non-convulsive, causing the person to stare blankly into space. Usually don’t last long.
a. ) Simple Partial Seizure
b. ) Complex Partial / Psychomotor Seizure
c. ) Absence / petit mal seizure
d. ) Tonic-clonic / grand mal seizure
Absence / petit mal seizure
Generalized seizure (simultaneous onset in both hemispheres) that is non-convulsive, causing the person to stare blankly into space.
Usually don’t last long.
Path. Change: Spontaneous, uncontrolled discharges from cortical centers in brain.
Assessment Findings:
P/C Factors:
Interventions:
Generalized seizure (simultaneous onset in both hemispheres) that usually causes loss of consciousness and loss of bowel and bladder continence.
a. ) Simple Partial Seizure
b. ) Complex Partial / Psychomotor Seizure
c. ) Absence / petit mal seizure
d. ) Tonic-clonic / grand mal seizure
Tonic-clonic / grand mal seizure
Path. Change: Spontaneous, uncontrolled discharges from cortical centers in brain.
Assessment Findings:
P/C Factors:
Interventions:
Types of Seizures
Begins in a localized area of the brain, but may progress rapidly to involve both hemispheres.
a. ) Unprovoked b.) Complex partial seizures
c. ) Generalized onset d.) Absence seizures
e. ) Atonic f.) Tonic-clonic
Complex partial seizures
Begins in a localized area of the brain, but may progress rapidly to involve both hemispheres.
Types of Seizures
These seizures are also known as drop attacks.
a. ) Unprovoked b.) Complex partial seizures
c. ) Generalized onset d.) Absence seizures
e. ) Atonic f.) Tonic-clonic
Atonic
These seizures are also known as drop attacks.
Types of Seizures
Clinical signs, symptoms, and supporting electroencehpalographic (ECH) changes indicate involvement of both hemispheres at onset.
a. ) Unprovoked b.) Complex partial seizures
c. ) Generalized onset d.) Absence seizures
e. ) Atonic f.) Tonic-clonic
Generalized onset
Clinical signs, symptoms, and supporting electroencehpalographic (ECH) changes indicate involvement of both hemispheres at onset.
Types of Seizures
No identifiable cause can be determined.
a. ) Unprovoked b.) Complex partial seizures
c. ) Generalized onset d.) Absence seizures
e. ) Atonic f.) Tonic-clonic
Unprovoked seizures
No identifiable cause can be determined.
Types of Seizures
Motion takes the form of automatisms such as lip smacking, mild clonic motion (usually in the eyelids), increased or decreased postural tone, and autonomic phenomena.
a. ) Unprovoked b.) Complex partial seizures
c. ) Generalized onset d.) Absence seizures
e. ) Atonic f.) Tonic-clonic
Absence seizures
Motion takes the form of automatisms such as lip smacking, mild clonic motion (usually in the eyelids), increased or decreased postural tone, and autonomic phenomena.
Types of Seizures
Most common major motor seizure.
a. ) Unprovoked b.) Complex partial seizures
c. ) Generalized onset d.) Absence seizures
e. ) Atonic f.) Tonic-clonic
Tonic-clonic / grandmal
Most common major motor seizure.
