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PMLS 2 > (P) Lesson 3: Circulatory System > Flashcards

(P) Lesson 3: Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main components of the circulatory system?

A

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System

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2
Q

T or F: A heart weighs more than 1 pound

A

False (less than 1 pound)

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3
Q

Outermost membrane of the heart connected to the visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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4
Q

Middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscles

A

Myocardium

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5
Q

Inner layer of the heart that lines the valves and chambers

A

Endocardium

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6
Q

Outer portion of the pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

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7
Q

Inner portion of the pericardium

A

Visceral pericardium

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8
Q

T or F: Right side of the body carries deoxygenated blood while the left side of the body delivers oxygenated blood

A

True

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8
Q

T or F: Right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood while the left side of the heart delivers oxygenated blood

A

True

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9
Q

Refers to systole and diastole which lasts about 0.8 seconds

A

Cardiac Cycle

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10
Q

This sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium initiated by the pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

A

Electrical Conduction System

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11
Q

Machine used for the graphical representation of cardiac cycle activity

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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12
Q

The first heart sound which signifies ventricular contraction or systole

A

Lubb

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13
Q

The second heart sound which signifies ventricular relaxation or diastole

A

Dubb

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14
Q

What is the average heart rate?

A

72 bpm

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15
Q

Refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac Output

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16
Q

A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the altering expansion and contraction of the arteries

A

Pulse

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17
Q

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels measured by a sphygmomanometer

A

Blood Pressure

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18
Q

This is obtained via arterial puncture and is performed by respiratory therapists or doctors only

A

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

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19
Q

Aka “cardiac markers” which are enzymes that increase in value when there is damage to the heart

A

AST or SGOT (aspartate aminotransferase or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)

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20
Q

This monitors the HDL and LDL

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

Another type of cardiac marker but it can also be found in the muscles

A

Creatine Kinase (CK)

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22
Q

A cardiac marker that determines whether the heart is the direct source of an enzyme

A

Creatine Kinase (CK)-MB

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23
Q

A medication monitoring system used to improve the strength and efficacy of the blood which regulates the rate and rhythm of the heart

A

Digoxin

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24
Q

A cardiac marker that indicates cardiac damage but can also be produced by strenuous activity

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes

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25
Q

This element is needed by the cardiac muscles to contract

A

Potassium (K)

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26
Q

The most specific enzyme found ONLY in the heart (most accurate cardiac marker)

A

Troponin T (TnT)

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27
Q

Chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart

A

Angina Pectoris

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28
Q

Aka “heart murmur” produced when the aortic leaflets fail to open during systole

A

Aortic Stenosis

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29
Q

Inflammation and infection where bacteria enters and resides in the endocardium or blood vessels

A

Bacterial Endocarditis

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30
Q

Results in general weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped to the heart

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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31
Q

Aka “heart attack” due to decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle

A

Myocardial Infarction

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32
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium that may be due to a viral infection

A

Percarditis

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33
Q

A loop consisting of the vessel systems to which blood is circulated across the body

A

Vascular System

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34
Q

Type of circulation which refers to the travel of blood to the lungs to perform gas exchange

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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35
Q

Type of circulation which refers to the oxygenated blood traveling to the rest of the body while deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart

A

Systemic Circulation

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36
Q

Outermost layer of the blood vessels composed of connective tissue

A

Tunica Adventitia

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37
Q

Middle layer of the blood vessels composed of elastic fiber and smooth muscle

A

Tunica Media

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38
Q

Innermost layer of the blood vessels lined with endothelial cells

A

Tunica Intima

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39
Q

This is controlled by the unison contraction and relaxation of the myocardium as well as the opening and closing of valves

A

Blood Flow

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40
Q

The enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall

A

Aneurysm

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41
Q

The hardening of the arterial wall due to aging

A

Arteriosclerosis

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42
Q

These are plaques in the inner vessel walls caused by high cholesterol and fat

A

Atherosclerosis

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43
Q

Clots or bubbles that obstruct the artery

A

Embolism

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44
Q

An obstruction that travels and is eventually lodged in a vessel; can sometimes originate from a thrombus

A

Embolus

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45
Q

Refers to swollen veins in the area of the anus

A

Hemorrhoids

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46
Q

Inflammation of the vein wall; can originate from an infected puncture site

A

Phlebitis

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47
Q

Swelling of veins in the legs usually during pregnancy

A

Thrombophlebitis

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48
Q

A stationary blood clot that impedes blood flow which can break up into smaller pieces

49
Q

Twisted and enlarged veins usually found in the legs

A

Varicose Veins

50
Q

These tests measure to see if a patient has a blood clotting disorder

A

D-dimer and Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP)

51
Q

These are early determinants for atherosclerosis

A

Lipoproteins and Triglycerides

52
Q

These identify the presence of clotting factors in the blood

A

Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT/APTT)

53
Q

Composed of plasma and other formed elements such as gases, minerals, carbohydrates & lipids, proteins, etc. found in the human body

54
Q

The clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water

55
Q

T or F: It is serum that exists in our vessels

A

False (it is plasma, because it’s not in its clotted state)

56
Q

Process which determines blood classification using the ABO system or Rh Factor

A

Blood Type

57
Q

T or F: Opposite antigens to what we have signify our blood type

A

False (what we have determines what type we are)

58
Q

T or F: Blood develops antibodies directed at the opposite blood type

A

True (antibodies for the antigens we lack)

59
Q

T or F: Packed RBCs contain plasma

60
Q

If a patient has blood type A, what antibodies do they produce?

A

Anti-B Antibody

61
Q

If a patient has blood type B, what antibodies do they produce?

A

Anti-A Antibody

62
Q

If a patient has blood type AB, what antibodies do they produce?

63
Q

If a patient has blood type O, what antibodies do they produce?

A

Both Anti-A and Anti-B Antibodies

64
Q

If a patient has blood type A, who can donate to them?

A

Blood types: A and O

65
Q

If a patient has blood type B, who can donate to them?

66
Q

If a patient has blood type AB, who can donate to them?

A

A, B, AB, and O

67
Q

If a patient has blood type O, who can donate to them?

68
Q

The liquid portion of CLOTTED blood

69
Q

The liquid portion of UNCLOTTED blood

70
Q

This consists of RBCs, formed elements, and plasma/ or serum

A

Whole Blood

71
Q

This layer consists of WBCs and platelets

A

Buffy Coat

72
Q

Refers to not having enough RBCs or hemoglobin

A

Anemia (denica)

73
Q

Cancer of blood-forming tissues like bone marrow or the lymphatic system

74
Q

Increase in the number of WBCs in blood due to illness or infection

A

Leukocytosis

75
Q

Refers to reduced number of WBCs

A

Leukopenia

76
Q

The bone marrow produces too much RBCs resulting to blood thickening

A

Polycythemia

77
Q

When the body produces too many platelets which affects blood clotting

A

Thrombocytosis

78
Q

Refers to low platelet count

A

Thrombocytopenia

79
Q

An unspecific inflammation indicator

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

80
Q

Increased amount indicates presence of a large volume of immature RBCs which can mean anemia

A

Reticulocyte Count

81
Q

This test measures the amount of iron in the RBCs

A

Ferritin, Iron, and Total Iron-binding Capacity (TIBC)

82
Q

A network of tissues and organs responsible for the removal of waste and toxins in the body which also transports white blood cells to the site of infection coming from specific nodes

A

Lymphatic System

83
Q

T or F: The Lymphatic System functions independently from the Circulatory System

A

False (they are complementary)

84
Q

This fluid is similar to plasma but contains 95% of water obtained from the interstitial spaces of cells surrounding blood vessels

85
Q

What are the two major lymphatic ducts that lymph can drain into?

A

Right Lymphatic Duct and the Thoracic Duct

86
Q

Inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channel

A

Lymphangitis

87
Q

Inflammation of the lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

88
Q

Aka “adenopathy” which refers to an abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

89
Q

Enlargement of the spleen

A

Splenomegaly

90
Q

Cancer of the immune system characterized by enlarged lymph nodes

A

Hodgkin’s Disease

91
Q

A cancer that develops from lymphocytes

A

Lymphosarcoma or Lymphoma

92
Q

This test diagnoses patients with the cytomegalovirus

A

Mononucleosis Test

93
Q

Stoppage of bleeding as a response to injury

A

Hemostasis

94
Q

This organ produces heparin (natural anticoagulant) and bile salts needed for factor synthesis and vitamin K absorption

95
Q

Process by which blood changes from liquid to a gel to form the clot

A

Coagulation

96
Q

This coagulation pathway is triggered by tissue damage

97
Q

This coagulation pathway is triggered by damaged surfaces

98
Q

This enzyme plays an important role in coagulation as it amplifies the process and converts fibrinogen to soluble fibrin

99
Q

The process where fibrin or the clot dissolves

A

Fibrinolysis

100
Q

What two substances are involved in fibrinolysis?

A

Plasminogen and Plasmin

101
Q

T or F: Vascular spasm disrupts the rate of blood flow during blood clot formation

A

False (vascular spasm helps in increasing the rate of blood flow therefore increasing the speed with which the needed cells for clotting will reach the damaged site)

102
Q

Refers to when a blood clot forms in one or more deep veins usually in the legs

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

103
Q

Refers to the formation of spontaneous small clots that block the small blood vessels

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

104
Q

Refers to the lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins

A

Hemophilia

105
Q

If a patient has Hemophilia A, they are lacking what clotting factor?

106
Q

If a patient has Hemophilia B, they are lacking what clotting factor?

107
Q

If a patient has Hemophilia C, they are lacking what clotting factor?

108
Q

Refers to how long the clotting time is for the patient (done prior to surgery)

A

Bleeding Time

109
Q

These identify what factors are missing in the patient’s blood

A

Factor Assays

110
Q

This tests detects what platelet function is not functioning properly

A

Platelet Function Assay (PFA)

111
Q

This test determines which coagulation factors are missing

A

Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PT/APTT)

112
Q

The GENERAL priority area for venipuncture because of its easy localization and penetration characterized as the “elbow pit”; a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow

A

Antecubital Fossa

113
Q

Major arms veins in the antecubital fossa are called?

A

Antecubital Veins

114
Q

T or F: You can extract blood from an arm attached to an IV line

A

False (you cannot)

115
Q

This vein arrangement occurs in about 70% of the population

A

H-Shaped Antecubital veins

116
Q

The first choice vein when performing venipuncture

A

Median Cubital Vein

117
Q

The second choice vein when performing venipuncture; usually prominent in obese patients

A

Cephalic Vein

118
Q

The last choice vein when performing venipuncture; high risk to use because it lies too close to an artery

A

Basilic Vein

119
Q

T or F: You can use the underside of the wrist as venipuncture sites

120
Q

These veins must not be used in venipuncture without the permission of a physician due to high risks of thrombosis

A

Leg, Ankle, and Foot Veins

PMLS 2 (16 decks)

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