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PMLS 2 > (P) Lesson 1: Understanding Phlebotomy > Flashcards

(P) Lesson 1: Understanding Phlebotomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of collecting blood through veins using incisions or puncture methods?

A

Phlebotomy

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2
Q

This type of measure refers to as being part of the patient’s treatment plan

A

Therapeutic Measure

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3
Q

This type of measure refers to as being part of disease detection and recognition

A

Diagnostic Measure

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4
Q

What 2 words make up phlebotomy’s Greek derivation?

A

Phlebos and Temnein/Tomos/Tome

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5
Q

“Phlebos” means what?

A

Vein

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6
Q

“Temnein/Tomos/Tome” means what?

A

To cut

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7
Q

What is another name for phlebotomy?

A

Venesection

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8
Q

What 2 words make up venesection’s Latin derivation?

A

Vena and Sectio

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9
Q

“Vena” means what?

A

Vein

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10
Q

“Section” means what?

A

Cutting

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11
Q

The age wherein crude tools were used to cut open vessels

A

Stone Age

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12
Q

The year when ancient Egyptians practiced phlebotomy using fleams and leeches

A

1,400 BC

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13
Q

The year when Hippocrates believed that health depended on the balance of the four humors

A

460-377 BC

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14
Q

He was a Greek physician known as the Father of Medicine

A

Hippocrates

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15
Q

What are the four humors?

A

Earth, Air, Fire, and Water

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16
Q

What did Earth represent?

A

Blood and the brain

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17
Q

What did the Wind represent?

A

Phlegm and the lungs

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18
Q

What did Fire represent?

A

Black bile and the spleen

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19
Q

What did Water represent?

A

Yellow bile and the gallbladder

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20
Q

The age that bloodletting was performed by barbers

A

Middle Ages

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21
Q

The centuries wherein phlebotomy was treated as major therapy

A

17th and 18th Centuries

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22
Q

An alternative medical procedure wherein heated cups are applied for suction on a patient’s skin to act as a vacuum for the blood

A

Cupping

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23
Q

Also known as Hirudotherapy which uses leeches that inject vasodilators in order to promote blood loss

A

Leeching

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24
Q

What are medicinal leeches called scientifically?

A

Hirudo medicinalis

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25
Q

The chemical that leeches release that acts as a vasodilator, anesthetic, and anti-coagulant

A

Hirudin

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26
Q

A condition wherein there is an excess in blood cell production rate

A

Polycythemia

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27
Q

A method of phlebotomy that refers to the collection of blood through a vein using a syringe and needle

A

Venipuncture

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28
Q

A method of phlebotomy that refers to the puncturing of the skin using a lancet

A

Capillary Puncture

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29
Q

Refers to a process wherein the blood sample separates into different fractions in a test tube

A

Centrifugation and Aliquoting

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30
Q

This type of credential indicates the completion of training by the professional

A

Certification

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31
Q

This type of credential indicates the professional has passed the licensure examinations

A

Licensure

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32
Q

This credential refers to advancing the knowledge and updating the skillset of the professional

A

Continuing Education

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33
Q

This type of patient refers to them needing to undergo admission into the hospital for further treatment

A

Inpatient (non-ambulatory)

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34
Q

This type of patient refers to them being discharged after primary treatment and are not required to be admitted

A

Outpatient (ambulatory)

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35
Q

T or F: The outpatient department is the key resource for the country’s healthcare system

A

False (it is the inpatient department)

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36
Q

T or F: Inpatient care provides only routine treatment

A

False (inpatient care provides specialized procedures as well)

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37
Q

T or F: Inpatient care provides tertiary care practitioners who perform highly complex services and therapy

A

True

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38
Q

T or F: Outpatient care provides primary and secondary care physicians who assume ongoing responsibility for the patient

A

True

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39
Q

Who established the three levels of healthcare?

A

Williams and Tungpalan (1981)

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40
Q

This level of healthcare refers to health units and sub-units in rural areas managed by the DOH

A

Primary

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41
Q

This level of healthcare refers to non-departmentalized hospitals

A

Secondary

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42
Q

This level of healthcare refers to medical centers and large hospitals

A

Tertiary

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43
Q

This healthcare service is done for patients with follow-up checkups after being discharged

A

Ambulatory care

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44
Q

This healthcare service is done in a patient’s room or in a long-term facility

A

Homebound care

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45
Q

This healthcare service refers to units found at the local level which are under the jurisdiction of the DOH

A

Public Health Services

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46
Q

This division of clinical pathology refers to testing blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble chemicals that are useful in the diagnosis of diseases

A

Clinical Chemistry

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47
Q

FBS stands for?

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

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48
Q

HbA1C stands for?

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

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49
Q

FBS is used for the diagnosis of what disease?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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50
Q

HbA1C is used for monitoring what?

A

Blood sugar

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51
Q

What is the standard fasting time before an FBS test?

A

8-10 hours

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52
Q

This type of test in clinical chemistry measures HDL, LDL and triglycerides

A

Total Cholesterol/Lipid Profile

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53
Q

Elevated levels of this acid indicate kidney problems and potential gout

A

Blood Uric Acid

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54
Q

Elevated levels of this chemical is able to determine impaired renal function

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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55
Q

BUN stands for?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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56
Q

Elevated levels of this chemical indicate renal impairment or muscular dystrophy

A

Creatinine

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57
Q

These two chemicals when elevated indicate liver disorders

A

ALT/SGPT and AST/SGOT

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58
Q

ALT/SGPT stands for?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase/Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase

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59
Q

AST/SGOT stands for?

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase/Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

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60
Q

Elevated levels of this chemical indicate bone or liver disorders

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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61
Q

Elevated levels of this indicate liver or hemolytic disorders

A

Bilirubin

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62
Q

Elevated levels of this indicated early liver disorders and monitors patients with alcoholic hepatitis

A

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase

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63
Q

Elevated levels indicate myocardial infarction, lung, or liver disorders

A

Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)

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64
Q

Elevated levels indicate acute pancreatitis

A

Amylase and Lipase

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65
Q

These chemicals evaluate body fluid balance

A

Electrolytes

66
Q

Elevated levels indicate congestive heart failure

A

B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

67
Q

This test monitors therapeutic to toxic ranges of drugs

A

Drug analysis

68
Q

This test checks for liver and kidney disorders

A

Total Protein

69
Q

This test is used for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction

A

Troponin I

70
Q

This division of clinical pathology deals with bacteria and fungi on received specimens

A

Microbiology

71
Q

This test detects and determines the presence of bacteria

A

Gram stain

72
Q

What are the four subsections of microbiology?

A
  • Bacteriology
  • Mycology
  • Mycobacteriology
  • Virology
73
Q

This test under microbiology detects microbial infections and uses discs for antibiotic treatment

A

Culture and Sensitivity

74
Q

This test detects fungi and bacteria in blood samples

A

Blood culture

75
Q

In microbiology, a pink test tube is used for?

A

Pediatric patients

76
Q

In microbiology, a blue test tube is used for?

A

Adult patients and aerobic cultures

77
Q

In microbiology, an orange test tube is used for?

A

Anaerobic cultures

78
Q

This test detects and determines the presence of specific fungi

A

Fungal culture

79
Q

In clinical chemistry, this is the most commonly used specimen

A

Serum

80
Q

T or F: The difference between serum and plasma is that serum came from an anti-coagulated tube while plasma did not

A

False (Serum is from a coagulated tube therefore it will clot while plasma came from an anti-coagulated tube therefore it will not clot)

81
Q

This is the chief source of energy for all organisms and is the product of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucose

82
Q

T or F: Glucose cannot enter the cell without insulin

A

True

83
Q

This acid is the end product of purine metabolism

A

Uric Acid

84
Q

Masses of uric acid are called as what?

A

Tophi

85
Q

T or F: Bilirubin is a major bile pigment formed through hemoglobin formation

A

False (formed through hemoglobin breakdown)

86
Q

This type of stain acts as the first/primary stain

A

Crystal Violet

87
Q

This type of stain functions as a dye fixative

A

Iodine

88
Q

This type of stain functions as a decolorizer

A

Alcohol

89
Q

This type of stain acts as a secondary/counter-stain

A

Safranin

90
Q

T or F: Gram positive bacteria have an outer membrane therefore it cannot absorb the crystal violet dye

A

False (Gram positive bacteria do not have an outer membrane therefore crystal violet is able to penetrate through)

91
Q

T or F: Gram negative bacteria possess an outer layer that rejects crystal violet but accepts safranin due to the alcohol dissolving the layer

A

True

92
Q

What is the color of gram positive bacteria?

A

Purple (primary stain)

93
Q

What is the color of gram negative bacteria?

A

Reddish-pink (secondary stain)

94
Q

This test is used to diagnose tuberculosis using sputum

A

Acid Fast Stain

95
Q

This area under clinical pathology deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids

A

Hematology

96
Q

This specimen is the most common body fluid analyzed using a lavender tube

A

Whole blood

97
Q

The lavender tube that collects whole blood contains the anticoagulant EDTA which stands for?

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

98
Q

T or F: Plasma does not contain fibrinogen while serum does

A

False (plasma contains fibrinogen while serum doesn’t)

99
Q

The most common type of test performed in hematology

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

100
Q

This test determines the percentage of the different types of WBC

A

Differential count

101
Q

These WBCs indicate allergic reactions and parasitism

A

Basophils and Eosinophils

102
Q

This WBC indicates viral infections

A

Lymphocyte

103
Q

This WBC indicates viral infection and chronic inflammation

A

Monocyte

104
Q

This WBC is an immature neutrophil

A

Band Cell

105
Q

This WBC indicates bacterial infections

A

Neutrophil

106
Q

This test determines volume of packed RBCs by centrifugation

A

Hematocrit

107
Q

Determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs

A

Hemoglobin

108
Q

Determines the amount of hemoglobin content usually expressed in picograms

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

109
Q

Determines the weight of hemoglobin in RBCs and compared it will the cell size; usually expressed in percentages

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

110
Q

Determines the size of the RBCs usually expressed in demtoliters

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

111
Q

Calculates the difference in RBC sizes

A

RBC Distribution Width

112
Q

This tool is used to count cells in a biological fluid on a calibrated grid

A

Improved Neubauer Counting Chamber

113
Q

Determines the number and type of cells found in the bone marrow

A

Bone Marrow Exam

114
Q

Determines the rate of RBC sedimentation and is a non-specific indicator of inflammation

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

115
Q

Evaluates bone marrow production of RBC

A

Reticulocyte count

116
Q

Refers to blood testing for the determination of coagulation factors

A

Coagulation Studies

117
Q

Refers to stoppage of blood flow from a damaged vessel

A

Hemostasis

118
Q

What is the anticoagulant used for plasma collected in a tube with a light blue stopper?

A

Sodium Citrate

119
Q

Evaluates the intrinsic system of the coagulation cascade and monitors heparin therapy

A

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

120
Q

Chemical observed for screening of increased clotting tendencies

A

Antithrombin II

121
Q

Tests that evaluate platelet function in clotting

A

Bleeding Time and Platelet Aggregation

122
Q

Measures abnormal clotting and fibrinolysis

A

D-dimer

123
Q

Detects factor deficiencies that prolong coagulation

A

Factor Assays

124
Q

Test for increased fibrinolysis

A

Fibrin Degradation Products

125
Q

Evaluates the extrinsic system of the coagulation cascade and monitors Coumadin therapy

A

Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio (PT)

126
Q

Determines if adequate fibrinogen is present for normal coagulation

A

Thrombin Time

127
Q

This section of clinical pathology comprises of urinalysis and fecalysis

A

Clinical Microscopy

128
Q

Routine screening procedure to detect kidney infections and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and liver disease

A

Urinalysis

129
Q

The three areas of observation for urinalysis

A

Physical, Chemical, and Microscopic

130
Q

A physical area of observation in urinalysis that depends on the hydration status of the patient which manifests different pigments

A

Color

131
Q

A physical area of observation in urinalysis that detects cellular and crystalline elements

A

Appearance

132
Q

A physical area of observation in urinalysis that measures urine concentration

A

Specific Gravity

133
Q

A physical area of observation in urinalysis that determines acidity

A

pH

134
Q

Elevated levels of this in a urinalysis panel indicates liver or hemolytic disorders

A

Urobilinogen

135
Q

Chemical detected in urinalysis that will indicate bacterial infections

A

Nitrite

136
Q

Detects WBCs and indicates UTIs if there are elevated levels of neutrophils

A

Leukocyte Esterase

137
Q

This area of clinical pathology deals with blood typing, compatibility testing, and antibody screening

A

Immunohematology and Blood Banking

138
Q

Refers to the ABO and Rh Typing

A

Group and Type

139
Q

Test that detects abnormalities in serum antibodies

A

Antibody Screen

140
Q

Detects abnormalities in RBC antibodies

A

Direct Antihuman Globulin Test/Direct Coombs Test

141
Q

Identifies abnormalities in serum antibodies

A

Panel

142
Q

Refers to tests for ABO, Rh typing, and compatibility

A

Type and Crossmatch/Type and Screen

143
Q

This area in clinical pathology evaluates the body’s immune response in the production of antibodies

A

Immunology and Serology

144
Q

What is the common infectious agent analyzed in immunology?

A

Viruses

145
Q

T or F: In immunology and serology, blood is collected with red stoppers which contain an anti-coagulant

A

False (since this is serology, serums are meant to coagulate therefore the tube should not contain any anti-coagulants)

146
Q

HIV stands for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

147
Q

The chemical produced by the placenta and can be detected by pregnancy tests

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

148
Q

Elevated levels of this in immunology indicate inflammatory disorders

A

C-reactive Protein (CRP)

149
Q

This detects cytomegalovirus infections

A

Cytomegalovirus Antibody (CMV)

150
Q

HBsAG refers to?

A

Hepatitis B Antibody

151
Q

These evaluate immune system function and come in the forms of A, G, M, etc.

A

Immunoglobulins

152
Q

Screening laboratory for syphilis

A

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)

153
Q

STAT stands for?

A

Short Turn Around Time

154
Q

Large and independent laboratories that provide specialized testing for specific specimens

A

Reference Laboratories

155
Q

Reference laboratory for clinical hematology, immunohematology and blood banking, immunopathology, and histopathology

A

National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI)

156
Q

Reference laboratory for microbiology and parasitology

A

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)

157
Q

Reference laboratory for clinical chemistry

A

Lung Center of the Philippines

158
Q

Reference laboratory for drugs of abuse, toxicology, micronutrient assay, and water bacteriology

A

East Avenue Medical Center

159
Q

Reference laboratory for infectious diseases such as HIV, syphilis, Hepatitis B&C, etc.

A

San Lazaro Hospital

160
Q

What are the common drugs of abuse used here in the Philippines

A

Methamphetamine (shabu) and marijuana

PMLS 2 (16 decks)

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