Outcome 4 - Special nutritional needs for dental health within differing populations Flashcards
When does tooth formation of the fetus begin?
in the 6th week of pregnancy
When does calcification or hardening of the primary teeth begin?
At 4 months. The formation, but not calcification, of the permanent teeth, begins before the baby is born.
What is the recommended serving of milk products per day for pregnant women?
3-4 servings of milk products to meet calcium requirments
What is the DRI for calcium during pregnancy?
1000-1300 mg/day
What happens if a pregnant women’s diet is deficient in calcium & phosphorus?
the body will compensate for this by drawing calcium from bones - teeth will not be affected
What is the DRI for Vitamin D during pregnancy?
5 ug/day - this vitamin supports the sbsorption of CA and P. A good source of Vitamin D is sunshine, but also found in fortified milk and margarine
What ist he DRI for iron during pregnancy?
27 mg/day (an additional 9 mg of iron) to support the increased blood volume and to allow the fetus to store enough Fe to last for the first four to six months of life
Iron supplement recommended for pregnant women?
Iron requirment is often met with an iron supplement of 30-60 mg of elemental iron - especially in the 2nd and 3rd trimester.
What is the DRI for folate during pregnancy?
600 ug/day
This amount is needed to support the development of healty red blood cells as the blood volume in the mouther increases
What may a deficiency of folic acid result in for pregant women?
May result in neural tub defects (i.e spina bifida) in the infant
How much essensial fatty acids should pregnant women consume?
Should consume adequate amounts of EFAs daily for proper fetal neural and visual development
Recommended diet from birth to 6 months?
The Canadian Pediatric Society suggests exclusive breastfeeding or iron fortified formula until 6 months of age. Vitamin D supplements are also required (10 ug/day or 400 IU per day until the baby is drinking 7 oz of formula or whole milk per day). No supplements are necessary with infant formalas.
When is solid food introduced to infants?
6 months to 1 year
The order to introduce solid food is..
-infant cereals (single grains, then mixed) - these are iron-fortified, and rice cereal has the least potential of provoking a food alergy
-vegetables
-fruits, meats
-cheese & yogurt
How long to breast feed?
Breastfeeding or formula continues until at least 9-12 months when whole cow’s milk can be introduced. 2% or 1% or skim milk is not recommended until after 2 years of age
What happens at the Preschool stage?
The growth rate slows down after the first year, and the child increases muscle and bone mass and loses fat tissue. Enthusiasm for eating decreases and many children become picky eaters at this stage. Nutrition is extremely important so parents are encouraged to be patient and to create a positive atmosphere at meal and snack time.
How to teach children to like nutritious foods?
Children are beginning to develop food preferences and eating patterns that will last a lifetime. Teach children to like nutritious foods by offering them and limiting sweets. Foods should not be used as rewards. Repeated offerings are highly recommended, rather than accepting a food dislike.
Goals of Nutrition Care
to provide adequate energy and nutrients for optimal growth, development, and activity
to encourage the development of the child’s sense of taste, acceptance, and enjoyment of foods``
to promote positive, lifelong eating habit
The amount of food preschoolers need depends on:
-age
-body size
-activity level
-growth rate
-appetite
How much milk products should a preschooler consume?
Preschoolers should consume 500 mL (2 cups) of milk every day as well as one other child-size serving of milk products such as cheese or yogurt.
Total = 2-3 servings/day
How many meals per day for preschoolers?
Due to small stomach capacities and high energy needs, preschoolers require small frequent feedings to meet nutrient needs. 3 meals plus nutritious snacks between meals.
Dental (oral) health for preschoolers can be promoted by:
- Offering nutritous snacks chosen from the four food groups
-Reserving sticky foods (i.e. dried fruits, fruit leather, and sweet, sticky baked goods) for mealtimes or when chicken can brush their teeth afterward
-Avoid day long nibbling to prevent a steady food for acid producing bacteria; limit the number of snacks to 2-3 per day. If a bedtime bottle is given, only water should be offered.
-The need for fluroride supplementation varies with the age of the child and the level of fluoridation in the community water supply
What is ECC?
the development of early caries from the prolonged contact of fermentable CHO with the enamel. This can occur with bottlefed or breast fed infants
To prevent ECC, avoid…
-putting flavoured milk, juice, soda, or any sweetened substance in a baby bottle
-dipping the bottle nipple or pacifier in honey
-putting the child to sleep with a bottle containing milk or a sweetened substance
-delay weaning - it should be done no later than one year
-provide oral hygiene - baby’s teeth need to be cleaned
