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Y2 - Head N Neck > Osteology Of Skull > Flashcards

Osteology Of Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the cranium called?

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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2
Q

What are sutures?

A

The fibrous joints between the bones of the cranium

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3
Q

What is the term for depressions?

A

Fossae

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4
Q

What is the name given to roundish holes?

Narrow slits?

A

Foramina

Fissures

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5
Q

What is the function of the Neurocranium?

A

Encases and protects brain

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6
Q

What make up the Neurocranium?

A

Calvaria/skull cap made of the cranial floor and cranial cavity

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7
Q

How do the vault bones of the Neurocranium form?

A

Start as membranes then ossify (intrramembranous ossification)

Floor/ base starts as cartilage (Endochondral ossification)

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8
Q

What part of the skull makes up the viscerocranium?

A

Facial skeleton and jaw

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9
Q

How do the viscerocranium bones form?

A

Begin as membranes or cartilage and ossify

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10
Q

What is the name of the embryological structure that gives rise to the head and neck?

A

Pharyngeal arches (1,2)

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11
Q

What are the bones of the Neurocranium that are visible(calvaria/skull)?

A

Frontal bone

Parietal bones

Temporal bone

Occipital bones

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12
Q

What is the bone that forms the forehead?

A

Frontal bone

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13
Q

What is it called when the left and right frontal bones dont fuse together at the midline?

A

Metopic suture

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14
Q

What is the name of the bone that is posterior to the frontal bone?

A

Parietal bone (left and right parietal bone)

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15
Q

What is the name of the main bone that forms the lateral aspect of the Neurocranium?

A

Temporal bone

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16
Q

What is the name of the part of the temporal bone that houses the delicate structures of the inner and middle ear?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

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17
Q

What is the name of the bone visible on the lateral aspect of the Neurocranium that’s anterior to the temporal bone but posterior to the orbital cavity?

A

Greater wing of sphenoid bone

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18
Q

What is the main bone forming the posterior aspect of the skull?

A

Occipital bone

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19
Q

What part of the occipital bone articulates with the C1 vertebra?

A

Occipital condyles

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20
Q

Look at the end of the lecture and label the bones of the Neurocranium

A

Blue = frontal bone
Red = parietal bones
Pink = temporal bone
Green = greater wing of sphenoid
Yellow = occipital bone

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21
Q

What is the name of the suture on the top of the skull joining the frontal bone and the parietal bone?

A

Coronal suture

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22
Q

What is the name of the suture joining the 2 parietal bones?

A

Sagittal suture

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23
Q

What is the name of the suture joining the occipital bone and the 2 parietal bones?

A

Lambdoid suture

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24
Q

What is the name of the point where the coronal suture and Sagittal suture meet?

A

Bregma

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25
Q

What is the name of the point where the Sagittal suture and lambdoid suture meet?

A

Lambda

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26
Q

What is the name of the large areas of unossified membranous gaps between flat bones of the calvaria which are present in development?

A

Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle

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27
Q

Go to slide 10 to look at the sutures and points that the suture meet

A
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28
Q

What is the importance of the fontanelles in the infant?

A

Allows for the skull size to increase as the brain size increases

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29
Q

What is the name of the condition where the fontalleles and sutures fuse too early?

A

Craniosynostosis

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30
Q

How should the anterior fontanelle appear in a healthy baby?

A

Slightly convex

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31
Q

What is concave and what is convex?

A

Concave is a U shape (imagine a bombs gone off in the ground)

Convex is a n shape

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32
Q

What does a bulgining anterior fontanelle indicate?

What does a sunken anterior fontanelle indicate?

A

Bulging = high intercranial pressure

Sunken = dehydrate/low intercranial pressure

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33
Q

How are the bones of the calvaria specially structured to provide strength?

A

Trilaminar arrangement

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34
Q

Describe the trilaminar arrangement of the bones of the calvaria:

A

Inner table (compact bone)
Spongy bone (dipole)
Outer table (compact bone)

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35
Q

What is the name of the membrane covering the surfaces of the outer and inner table of the skull bones?

A

Periosteum

36
Q

Where are arteries located within the structure of the trilaminar arrangement of the skull bones?

A

Between the periosteum and the bone (inner table)

37
Q

What are the 3 types of intracranial haemorrhages that can form as a result of bleeding from the artery between the periosteum and the bone?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subdural haemorrhage
Extramural haemorrhage

38
Q

What type of intracranial haemorrhage is a lentiform appearance characteristic of? (look at slide 14)

A

Extradural haemorrhage

39
Q

What artery is ruptured in an Extradural haemorrhage?

A

Middle meningeal artery

40
Q

What creates the lentiform appearance for an Extradural haemorrhage?

A

The bleeding from the middle meningeal artery strips the periosteals layer from the inner table but it isn’t strong enough to stir the periosteum at the ends

41
Q

What are the names of the 3 depressions making the cranial floor?

A

Anterior cranial floor/fossa
Middle cranial floor
Posterior floor

42
Q

What is the rough shape of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Butterfly shaped

43
Q

What are the bones that form the anterior cranial floor?

A

Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lesser wing of sphenoid

44
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone located in the anterior cranial floor?

A

In between the orbital planes which is the parts of the frontal bone overlying the orbits

45
Q

What cavity does the ethmoid bone form a key part of?

A

Nasal cavity

46
Q

What is the name of the part of the ethmoid bone visible when looking at the anterior cranial floor?

What does it attatch to?

Look at slide 18

A

Crista galli

Dural fold

47
Q

What is the name of the flat rectangular plate that the crista galli attaches to?

A

Cribriform plate

48
Q

What is the name of the long protuberance that separates the nasal cavity into 2 halves?

A

Perpendicular plate/vomer

49
Q

What nerve passes through the perforations in the cribriform plate to roof of nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory nerve

50
Q

What bone is present in both the anterior and middle cranial floor?

A

Sphenoid bone

(Lesser wing = anterior floor)

(Greater wings = middle floor)

51
Q

What is the central bony prominence of the greater wing of sphenoid in the middle cranial floor?

A

Sella turcica

52
Q

What is the central depression of the sella turcica called?

A

Pituitary fossa

53
Q

What are some key parts of the temporal bone? (slide 20(

A

Zygomatic process which forms shape of cheek

Mastoid process

Petrous bone

Squamous part

54
Q

What is important about the Petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

Its very hard so it can protect the very delicate structures of the inner ear

55
Q

What is the palpable part of the occipital bone called?

A

Occipital protuberance

56
Q

What iis the curved line at the back of the occipital bone called and what attaches here?

A

Superior nuchal line

Trapezius attaches here

57
Q

What is the name of the hole which the brainstem continues through becoming the spinal cord?

A

Foramen magnum

58
Q

Why is significant traum needed to force a skull fracture?

A

Trilaminar structure very strong

59
Q

What is a linear skull fracture?

A

When the fracture line is fairly straight and theres no bone displacement

60
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Fragments multiple fracture lines which can be depressed or non depressed

61
Q

Why are comminuted fractures which have depressed dangerous?

A

Can displace into the brain

62
Q

What is the Pterion?

A

Where the 4 bones of the Neurocranium (vault/skull cap) join together on the lateral side

63
Q

Why are blows to the lateral side of the head (pterion) dangerous?

A

Pterion is relatively weak

Medial meningeal artery located underneath it which can consequently cause an extra dural intercranial haemorrhage

64
Q

What is a characteristic feature of an orbital plate fracture of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes)

65
Q

What are the 3 characteristic indications of a fracture to the Petrous bone in the middle cranial floor?

A

Blood + CSF out of ear (otorrhea)

Battles sign (bruising of mastoid process)

Haemotympanum (blood pooling in middle ear cavity since tympanic membrane is leaking blood)

66
Q

What is indicative of an anterior cranial floor/fossa fracture involving the ethmoid bone?

A

Clear fluid (CSF) dripping from nose

67
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A

Zygomatic (2bones)
Maxilla
Nasal
Lacrimal
Mandible

68
Q

Look at the last slide

Name the bones

A

Blue = zygomatic bones
Red = maxilla
Yellow = nasal
Purple = lacrimal
Green = mandible

69
Q

Why do impacts to the supraorbital ridge usually lead to laceration?

A

The supraorbital ridge of the frontal bone is very tough

70
Q

What are the 3 bones commonly fractured in the face?

A

Nasal bones
Zygomatic bone and arch
Mandible

71
Q

What type of x-ray is taken if a mandibular fracture is suspected?

A

OPG xray

72
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

Synovial hinge-type joint between mandible at condyles and temporal bone

73
Q

What separates the tempormandibular joint into 2 synovial cavities?

A

Fibrocartilaginous disc

74
Q

What is Tempormandibular joint disorder?

A

Pain around the joint with clicking and locking

75
Q

What nerve innervates the temporomanidibular joint?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve which is a branch of the mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve

76
Q

What stabilises the TMJ?

A

Joint capsule
3 extracapsular ligaments

77
Q

What is the function of the inferior joint capsule of the TMJ?

A

Rotation

78
Q

What is the function of the superior joint capsule of the TMJ?

A

Gliding function

79
Q

Hoe does the jaw open with reference to the motions due to the superior and inferior joint capsule?

A

Inferior capsule rotates
Superior joint capsule glides forward (condyle slide onto articular tubule)

80
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

What is the innervation?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoids
Medial pterygoids

Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve

81
Q

What muscles elevate the mandible at the TMJ?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoids

82
Q

What muscle depresses the mandible at the TMJ?

A

Lateral pterygoids
Platysma (against resistance)

83
Q

What muscles do protraction at the TMJ??

A

Lateral pterygoids
Medial pterygoids

84
Q

What leads to a TMJ dislocation?

A

When the condyle passes in front of the articular tubercle

85
Q

What leads to the jaw locking once it has anteriorly displaced/dislocated?

A

Muscles of mastication around joint keep it locked

86
Q

What leads to the jaw locking once it has anteriorly displaced/dislocated?

A

Muscles of mastication around joint keep it locked

87
Q

How is a dislocated TMJ fixed?

A

Reduced by pushing down on jaw and sliding condyle back in the mandibular fossa

Y2 - Head N Neck (24 decks)

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