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Y2 - Head N Neck > Lecture 18 - Imaging > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

How do radiographs create an image (basic)?

A

X ray beam passed towards a plate detector
Structures that absorb the x-rays appear more white

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2
Q

What are the advantages of radiographs?

A

Quick
Cheap
Readily available
Low ionising radiation dose

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3
Q

What are the downsides to radiographs?

A

Low contrast
2D images

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4
Q

How does Ultrasound create images (basic)?

A

Handheld prob using sound waves?

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5
Q

What are the advantages of using ultrasound?

A

Cheap
No ionising radiation

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasound?

A

Operator dependant (need to be skilled)
Limited by bone (too dense to pass through)

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7
Q

What is ultrasound useful for imaging?

A

Thyroid
Superficial soft tissue

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8
Q

What are the advantages of CT?

A

Quick
Readily available

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9
Q

What is the disadvantage of CT?

A

High does radiation

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10
Q

What are the advantages of MRI?

A

The best contrast
No ionising radiation

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of MRI?

A

Slow
Expensive
Limited availability
Claustrophobic
Cant be done if have metal in body

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12
Q

What are radiographs typically used for in Head N Neck?

A

Minor skull trauma (when cant do CT)

Cervical spine trauma

Foreign bodies in neck

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13
Q

What are ultrasounds typically used for?

A

Thyroid evaluation
Superficial head and neck masses
Superficial infection
Carotid Doppler

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14
Q

What are CTs typically used for for Head N Neck?

A

Trauma
Acute focal neurological symptoms
Malignancy
Infection (retropharyngeal infections can go to mediastinum)
Angiographic imaging of arteries and veins

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15
Q

When may you want to do a CT for an adult?

A

Any sign of basal skull fracture
Focal neurological deficit
Multiple vomiting episodes

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16
Q

What are MRIs typically used for?

A

Imaging brain since it’s good and seeing difference between white and grey matter (tumour evaluation, epilepsy)

Cervical spinal cord trauma
Head and neck tumours

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17
Q

What are the 3 planes of sectioning?

A

Coronal (wearing a crown)
Transverse(slice like a cucumber)
Sagittal (split down middle)

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18
Q

What are the normal lines between the skull bones called?

A

Sutures

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19
Q

What is it called when bone is eroded by soft tissue?

A

Lyric soft tissue

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20
Q

Go to the last slide and label skull 1:

A

1 = frontal bone
2 = sphenoid bones
3 = frontal sinus
4 = ethmoid bone
5 = nasal bone
6 = maxilla
7. = cribiform plate
8 = parietal bone
9 = temporal bone
10 = foramen magnum
11 = occipital bone

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21
Q

Go to the last slide and label sutures image 2:

A

1 = coronal suture
2 = lambdoid suture
3 = squamous suture

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22
Q

Go to the last slide and label image 3:

A

1 = coronal suture
2 = Sagittal suture
3 = lambdoid suture

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23
Q

Go to the last slide image 4 and label the yellow and red strucutres:

A

Yellow = coronal sutures
Red = lambdoid sutures

24
Q

Look at slide 24 for a normal facial radiograph

A
25
Q

What is an orthopantomogram used to view?

A

Teeth problems
Mandibular problems

26
Q

Look at slide 30, what is the abnormality?

A

No air in maxillary sinus

27
Q

What is the abnormality on slide 31

A

Displaced right mandiiibular fracture

Non displaced left side mandibular fracture

28
Q

Slide 32

What is the abnormality?

A

Right sided maxillary flor fracture
Soft tissue problems

29
Q

Slide 33

Abnormality?

A

Left sided eyebrow sign (air around the orbit)

30
Q

Slide 35

Abnormality?

A

Right sided mastoid fracture

Left sided fracture around carotid canal

31
Q

Go to the last slide and label image 5 (vertebrae):

A

1 = pedicle
2 = vertebral body
3 = transverse foreman
4 = lamina
5 = spinous process
6 = superior articular facet

32
Q

What vertebral body needs to be visible in the C spine for it to be considered a good image?

A

C7

33
Q

Go to slide 41, what ligaments are the lines indicating?

A

Yellow = anterior spinal
Green = posterior spinal ligament
Blue = ligamentum flavum

34
Q

What needs to be either side of the odontioid peg in a normal cervical radiograph?

A

Lateral masses

35
Q

Look at slide 48:

What is the abnormality?

A

Fracture of C2

36
Q

Go to the last slide, what is the image of?

A

Jefferson fracture

37
Q

What is a Jefferson fracture?

A

Fracture of C1due to Axial loading

38
Q

What are 3 spinal columns?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

39
Q

What is a limitation of Radiographs?

A

Can’t see ligamentous injuries

40
Q

Look at the last slide at image 7, label the lobes of the brain:

A

1 = frontal lobe
2 = temporal lobe
3 = parietal lobe
4 = occipital lobe

41
Q

What are the ventricles filled with in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

42
Q

Look at the last at image 8:

Label the sections of the brain MRI:

A

Yellow = frontal
Green = temporal
Red = parietal
Blue = occipital
Purple = ventricle

43
Q

What appearance does an Extradural haemorrhage produce on a CT?

A

Lentiform appearance

44
Q

What causes an Extradural haemorrhage?

A

Middle meningeal artery rupture under pterion

45
Q

How does a patient with an extra dural haemorrhage present?

A

Trauma
Loss of consciousness
Lucid interval where they’re ok
Then rapid deterioration

46
Q

How does a subdural haemorrhage appear on CT?

A

Banana shaped/cresent shape

47
Q

What causes a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Bridging veins break due to trauma causing bleeding into space between dura and arachnoid mater

48
Q

What type of blood makes up a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Venous blood

49
Q

How do we manage a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Anticoagulation (warfarin)
If small conservatively
Neurosurgical emergency

50
Q

What is the pathology on the last slide CT 9:

A

Sub arachnoid haemorrhage

51
Q

What are the normal causes of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Aneurysm/ruptureed vessel
Trauma

52
Q

How do you treat a subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by trauma?

A

Correct Anticoagulatio
Further CT
Neurosurgical

53
Q

What type of blood vessel is ruptured in a subarachnoid rupture / aneurysm?

A

Arterial blood

54
Q

How does a subarachnoid haemorrhage present when caused by a rupture?

A

Central hyper density in subarachnoid space
Thunderclap headache

55
Q

How are is a subarachnoid haemorrhage managed?

A

Neurosurgery

Y2 - Head N Neck (24 decks)

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