Lecture 4 - Cervical Lymph Nodes, Lymphadenopathy And Neck Lumps Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 general roles of the lymphatic system in the body?

A

Remove excess fluid from interstitial space

Returns small proteins and fluid leaked from capillaries back into venous circulation

Key role in immune defence and surveillance (physical and phagocytic barrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes due to either I infection/inflammation or malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

When theres a problem with lymphatics so excess lymph/interstitial fluid not removed very well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is meant by lymph nodes being described as palpable or non-palpable?

A

Palpable (sometimes when normal but especially when enlarged)

Non-palpable (even if enlarged)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some locations of palpable lymph nodes?

A

Cervical lymph nodes (neck)

Axilla
Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is important to note about cervical lymph nodes in children?

A

Can be palpable even in healthy children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Waldeyers Ring?

A

Essentially a group of tonsils, so groups of lymphoid tissue found submucosally in a ring in the upper aero digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 lymphoid tissues found in Waldeyers ring?

A

Adenoid/pharyngeal tonsils

Tubal tonsil

Palatine tonsils

Lingual tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collection of lymphatic tissue associated with mucosal tissue (MALT)

Don’t have a fibrous capsule like nodes do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the adenoids/pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Most superior

In the midline of the upper nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the Tubal tonsils located?

A

Surround openings of Eustachian tubes

Lateral walls of the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

Referred to as “The Tonsils”

Found in lateral oropharynx wall

Visible when you open the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils?

A

At the base of the tongue (posterior third)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why can enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) be dangerous?

A

Can obstruct nasal breathing

Blockage of Eustachian tube (leads to middle ear problems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Inflammation of the palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common type of organism causing tonsillitis?

A

Viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If the cause of Tonsilitis is bacterial what is the most common causative organism?

A

Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does tonsilitis present?

A

Painful swallowing
Halitosis
Pyrexia
Tonsils erythematous, exudate and lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 groups of cervical lymph nodes?

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

Deep cervical lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located?

A

In the superficial cervical fascia just beneath the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do the superficial cervical lymph nodes run/what structure do they form?

A

Forms a ring from chin to occiput

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain into?

A

The deep cervical lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?

A

Deep in the neck in the carotid sheath

Most are associated with the Internal Jugular Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What drains into the deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

Deep tissues like the thyroid, trachea and oesophagus

And superficial lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the structure that is the chin?

A

Mental protuberance (promince of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the important superficial cervical lymph nodes in the order you’d assess them?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Pre-auricular and parotid
Post-auricular
Superficial cervical
Anterior cervical
Posterior cervical
Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Look at the last slide of the lecture:

What are the lymph nodes?

A

1 = submental
2 = submandibular
3 = pre-auricular and parotid
4 = post-auricular
5 = occipital
6 = superfical cervical
7 = posterior cervical
8 = anterior cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are the superficial cervical lymph nodes associated with SCM and the route of what blood vessel?

A

On surface of SCM

Associated with External Jugular Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How are the posterior cervical lymph nodes associated with SCM and the route of what blood vessel?

A

Sits behind SCM in posterior triangle

External Jugular vein

30
Q

How are the anterior cervical lymph nodes associated with SCM and the route of what blood vessel?

A

Sits in front of SCM

Anterior Jugular Vein

31
Q

Generally what areas do the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain?

A

Skin and tissues of face, scalp and skin of neck

32
Q

What does the occipital lymph nodes drain?

A

Posterior scalp

33
Q

What do the submental lymph nodes drain?

A

Inferior and posterior chin
Floor of mouth
Tip of tongue
Lower teeth and gums

34
Q

Where should you definitely look if the submental lymph nodes enlarged?

A

Look in mouth at tongue and gums

35
Q

What do the submandibular lymph nodes drain?

A

Centre of face and cheek
Teeth and gingivae (gums)
Parts of front of tongue

36
Q

Where should you defo look if the submandibular lymph nodes are swollen?

A

In mouth

37
Q

What do the post auricular lymph nodes drain?

A

Posterolateral half of scalp

38
Q

What does the pre-auricular lymph nodes drain?

A

Most of the forehead
Anterolateral scalp
Upper half of face including eyelids (conjunctiva)
Cheeks

39
Q

Look at the last slide:

What superficial lymph nodes drain each area?

A

1 = submental
2 = submandibular
3 = pre-auricular
4 = post-auricular
5 = occipital

40
Q

How is the tongue divided?

A

Anterior 2/3 rds

Posterior 1/3 (can’t see)

41
Q

What lymph nodes drain the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Submental nodes

Submandibular nodes

Deep cervical nodes

42
Q

What lymph nodes drain the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Deep cervical nodes

Retropharyngeal nodes

43
Q

What are the 3 sections of the deep cervical lymph nodes in relation to the Internal Jugular Vein?

A

Upper 1/3
Middle 1/3
Lower 1/3

44
Q

What is an important deep cervical lymph node found in the upper 1/3rd?

A

Jugulo-digastric

45
Q

When does the jugulo-digastric swell?

A

Bacterial tonsilitis

Jugular palatine cancer can metastasise here

46
Q

What is an important deep cervical lymph node in the lower 1/3?

A

Jugular-omohyoid

47
Q

What does the jugulo-omohyoid deep cervical lymph node drain?

A

Tongue
Oral cavity
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thyroid

Soo could be indicative of cancers here if it swells

48
Q

What are the supraclavicular lymph nodes?

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes found in the posterior triangle

49
Q

What does the supraclavicualr lymph nodes drain?

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavity

50
Q

Why is supraclavicular lymphadenopathy very concerning?

A

Usuallly indicative of gastric cancer (malignancy)

51
Q

What is lymphadenopathy of the left supraclavicular node called?

A

Virchow node

52
Q

What malignancy can present as supraclavicular lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymphoma

53
Q

Enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) is usually down to 2 things, what are they?

A

Reactive due to infection

Malignancy

54
Q

How can you tell when an enlarged lymph node is due to an infection?

A

History

Tender and mobile when palpated and likely its recently rapidly enlarged

55
Q

What are the 2 possibilities for the cause of an enlarged lymph node if its due to malignancy?

A

Metastases

Or

Leukaemia/lymphoma

56
Q

How can you tell whether a lymphadenopathy is due to a metastases?

A

Hard and tethered to surrounding tissues and painless on palpation

57
Q

How can you tell whether a lymphadenopathy is due to a lymphoma?

A

On palpation lump is rubbery, painless and fast growing

58
Q

What are some red flags for lymphadenopathy??

A

Fixed hard and irregular

Rapidly growing in size

Systemic signs like weight loss, night sweats

Change in voice/hoarseness, difficulty swallowing

59
Q

Why is it more concerning seeing lymphadenopathy in adults?

A

In kids it can be normal to see enlargement

But adults its more likely pathological

60
Q

If a lump moves with swallowing what is the lump related to?

A

Thyroid gland

61
Q

If the lump moves with sticking out the tongue what is it related to?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

62
Q

What are some very superficial causes of a neck lump?

A

Benign lesions of skin or subcutaneous tissue

(Sebaceous cyst, lipoma)

63
Q

What are some congenital lesions that can cause neck lumps?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts
Bronchial cyst
Dermoid cyst

64
Q

What are some possible causes of neck lumps that are not lymphadenopathy?

A

Thyroid gland pathology

Salivary gland pathology

Vascular

65
Q

What are some thyroid gland pathologies that could cause neck lumps?

A

Malignant or benign neoplasms

Graves’ disease

66
Q

What are some salivary gland pathologies?

A

Calculus (stone)

Inflammation or infection

Neoplasm - benign or malignant

67
Q

What are some vascular problems that can cause neck lumps?

A

Carotid body tumour
Carotid artery aneurysm

68
Q

What are the most common causes of neck lumps in the anterior midline?

A

Thyroid gland disease

Congential lesions like dermoid cyst
Thyroglossal duct cyst

69
Q

What are the most common causes of neck lumps in the anterior or posterior lateral side?

A

Salivary gland pathology (A)

Carotid body tumour

Congenital lesions
(Bronchial cyst (A))
Cystic hygroma (P))

70
Q

Where would a lump for a bronchial cyst be found?

A

In fun of the SCM muscle

71
Q

What is a cystic hygroma?

A

Lymphatic malformation mainly happening in the neck

A collection of fluid filled sacs found in the posterior triangle