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Y2 - Head N Neck > Lecture 5 - Intro To Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Intro To Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Spinal and cranial nerves

Sympathetics and parasympathetic

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3
Q

What tissues make up the nervous system?

A

Neurones
Glial cells/Neuroglia e.g Astrocytes
Stroma or connective tissue

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4
Q

In terms of the brains orientation, which part is rostral and which part is caudal?

A

Rostral = toward nostril (front/anterior)

Caudal = tail end (posterior)

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5
Q

In terms of the brains orientation, which part is dorsal and which part is ventral?

A

Dorsal is the top side (like a dorsal fin)

Ventral is the underside

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6
Q

What are the 3 main brain parts of the Central Nervous System?

A

Forebrain

Brainstem

Cerebellum

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Forebrain?

A

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

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8
Q

What makes up the diencephalon in the forebrain?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relays sensory information to he surface of the brain

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem? (from most superior to inferior r?

A

Midbrain (Top)

Pons (Middle)

Medulla (Bottom)

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11
Q

What does the medulla oblongata become as soon as it passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Modulates certain motor functions and balance

Connects to the brainstem and spinal cord

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13
Q

Go to the last lecture slide and label the central nervous system’s

A

1 = forebrain
2 = cerebrum
3 = diencephalon
4 = ventricles
5 = thalamus
6 = hypothalamus
7 = midbrain
8 = pons
9 = medulla
10 = brainstem
11 = cerebellum

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14
Q

What are the gyri/ what is a gyrus?

A

Bulges in the brains cortex

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15
Q

What are the Sulci/what is a sulcus?

A

When the cortex dips inwards

(If you’re in a sulk you are down/in a dip)

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16
Q

How is white and grey matter positioned in the brain?

A

Grey matter more superficial
White matter deep

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17
Q

Why is white matter white and grey matter grey?

A

White matter containers myelinated axons (which are lipid covered)
Grey matter is a collection of cell bodies

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of fissures of the brain / cerebrum?

A

Longitudinal fissure
Lateral fissures

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19
Q

What dural fold is found in the longitudinal fissure?

A

Falx cerebri

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20
Q

What are the 4 different lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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21
Q

What is the line separating the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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22
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Lateral fissure

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23
Q

What is the line called that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe that is only visible in the Sagittal plane?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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24
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

White matter visible in the Sagittal view of the brain

25
Q

What is the function of the corpus collosum?

A

Allows for communication between the 2 hemispheres

It’s packed full of neuronal axons (white matter)

26
Q

What is the name of the cavity that the corpus collosum surrounds?

A

Ventricles

27
Q

What is contained within the ventricles of the Brian?

A

CSF

28
Q

What is the name of the membrane that separates the 2 ventricles in the brain ?

A

Septum pellucidum

29
Q

Where does the hypothalamus sit with respect to the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus anterior / more rostral to the thalamus

30
Q

Go to the last slide and label the brains

A

1 = frontal lobe
2 = parietal lobe
3 = temporal lobe
4 = occipital lobe
5 = cerebellum
6 = central sulcus
7 = lateral fissures
8 = parieto-occipital sulcus
9 = corpus collosum
10 = midbrain
11 = pons
12 = medulla oblongata
13 = hypothalamus
14 = thalamus
15 = septum pellucidum
16 = corpus collosum

31
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary motor control
Higher cognition
Speech production
Social behaviour
Impulse control

32
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe of the brain?

A

Somatosensory perception
Spatial awareness

33
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual perception

34
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination and motor learning

35
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing
Taste
Long term memory
Emotion
Language

36
Q

What is the Uncus?

A

Part of the temporal lobe

37
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the Uncus?

A

With an increase in intracranial pressure the Uncus can herniate over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli compressing the 3rd cranial nerve (occulomotor nerve)

38
Q

What lobe is the primary motor cortex located in?

A

Frontal

39
Q

What lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex located in?

A

Parietal

40
Q

What lobe is the primary visual cortex located in?

A

Occipital lobe

41
Q

What lobe is the primary auditory cortex located in?

A

Temporal lobe

42
Q

What part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex located in?

A

Pre-central gyrus

43
Q

What part of the parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex located in?

A

Post-central gyrus

44
Q

How are the body parts supplied with innervation as you move from the inferior most part of the pre and post central sulcus to the most superior part?

A

Head -> Neck -> Arms > Trunk -> Legs

45
Q

What is located in the brain stem?

A

The nuclei of cranial nerves

Sensory an motor pathways run up through brainstem

46
Q

What is the major function midbrain of brainstem?

A

Eye movement
(Pupil response to light0

47
Q

What is the major function Pons of brainstem?

A

Feeding
Sleep and consciousness

48
Q

What is the major function medulla of brainstem?

A

Auto regulation of breathing and heart rate

(Cardiovascular and respiratory function)

49
Q

How does the 1 side of the brain end up supplying the contralateral part of the body (opposite)?

A

The neuronal pathways decussate

50
Q

What level does the motor pathways from the primary motor cortex to spinal nerves decussate?

A

Lower medulla

51
Q

What are the 2 types of motor neurone involved in the motor pathway from the primary motor cortex to spinal nerves?

A

Upper motor neurone

Lower motor neurone

52
Q

Where are upper motor neurones and lower motor neurones located in the motor pathway of primary motor cortex to spinal nerve?

A

Upper motor neurone = CNS

decessation occurs

Lower motor neurone = PNS then exits in spinal nerve

53
Q

How does the motor pathway for primary motor cortex to cranial nerves differ to spinal nerves?

A

Level of decussation

54
Q

Where do the motor pathways decussate in primary motor cortex to cranial nerves?

A

Decussate in brainstem at the same level of the cranial nerve nuceli it’s communicating with

55
Q

What is special about cranial nerves compared to spinal nerves in terms of where they can receive inputs?

A

Cranial nerves have a cortical input back up from the Ipsilateral motor cortex

Meaning if the normal contralateral input is damaged, the motor cortex on the same side can take over

56
Q

What is each hemisphere of the cerebellum called?

A

Tonsils

57
Q

What is the name of the structure which connects each tonsil (half of cerebellum) to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

58
Q

Look at the last slide, label the CT bone head image:

A

1 = anterior cranial fossa
2 = middle cranial fossa
3 = Petrous part of temporal bone
4 = posterior cranial fossa
5 = occipital bone + lambdoid suture

Y2 - Head N Neck (24 decks)

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