Orthopaedics - Spine Flashcards
Symmptoms of lesion in Dorsal column lesion
Loss vibration and proprioception
Tabes dorsalis, SACD
Symmptoms of lesion in Spinothalamic tract lesion
Loss of pain, sensation and temperature
Symmptoms of lesion in Central cord lesion
Flaccid paralysis of the upper limbs
Infarction spinal cord results in what signs
Dorsal column signs (loss of proprioception and fine discrimination
Cord compression results in what signs
UMN signs
Malignancy
Haematoma
Fracture
Osteomyelitis is normally progressive
True
Osteomyelitis - which parts of the spine are affected with which patient groups?
Staph aureus in IVDU, normally cervical region affected
Thoracic region affected in TB
Osteomyelitis - what type of infections in immunocompromised?
Fungal
What is Brown-sequard syndrome & what signs do you get?
Hemisection of the spinal cord
Ipsilateral paralysis
Ipsilateral loss of proprioception and fine discrimination
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
Describe the dermatomal distribution of C2 to C4
The C2 dermatome covers the occiput and the top part of the neck. C3 covers the lower part of the neck to the clavicle. C4 covers the area just below the clavicle.
Describe the dermatomal distribution of C5 to T1
Situated in the arms. C5 covers the lateral arm at and above the elbow. C6 covers the forearm and the radial (thumb) side of the hand. C7 is the middle finger, C8 is the medial aspect of the hand, and T1 covers the medial side of the forearm.
Describe the dermatomal distribution of T2 to T12
The thoracic covers the axillary and chest region. T3 to T12 covers the chest and back to the hip girdle. The nipples are situated in the middle of T4. T10 is situated at the umbilicus. T12 ends just above the hip girdle.
Describe the dermatomal distribution of L1 to L5
The cutaneous dermatome representing the hip girdle and groin area is innervated by L1 spinal cord. L2 and 3 cover the front part of the thighs. L4 and L5 cover medial and lateral aspects of the lower leg.
Describe the dermatomal distribution of S1 to S5
S1 covers the heel and the middle back of the leg. S2 covers the back of the thighs. S3 cover the medial side of the buttocks and S4-5 covers the perineal region. S5 is of course the lowest dermatome and represents the skin immediately at and adjacent to the anus.
Describe myotomes in the upper limb
Elbow flexors/Biceps C5 Wrist extensors C6 Elbow extensors/Triceps C7 Long finger flexors C8 Small finger abductors T1
Describe myotomes in the lower limb
Hip flexors (psoas) L1 and L2 Knee extensors (quadriceps) L3 Ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior) L4 and L5 Toe extensors (hallucis longus) L 5 Ankle plantar flexors (gastrocnemius) S1
The anal sphincter is innervated by
S2,3,4
What does Froment’s sign assess
ulnar nerve palsy
Adductor pollicis muscle function tested
Describe Froment’s sign?
Hold a piece of paper between their thumb and index finger. The object is then pulled away. If ulnar nerve palsy, unable to hold the paper and will flex the flexor pollicis longus to compensate (flexion of thumb at interphalangeal joint).
Describe Phalen’s test
Assess carpal tunnel syndrome
Hold wrist in maximum flexion and the test is positive if there is numbness in the median nerve distribution.
Describe Tinel’s sign
Assess for carpal tunnel syndrome
Tap the median nerve at the wrist and the test is positive if there is tingling/electric-like sensations over the distribution of the median nerve.
Tine;s more sensitive than Phalens
false
Phalens most sensitive
Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common presentations seen in practice & majority of presentations will be of a non-specific muscular nature
true
Red flags for lower back pain
age < 20 years or > 50 years history of previous malignancy night pain history of trauma systemically unwell e.g. weight loss, fever
Ankylosing spondylitis typical story
Typically a young man who presents with lower back pain and stiffness
Stiffness is usually worse in morning and improves with activity
In ankylosing spondylitis Peripheral arthritis (?%, more common if female)
25%
Spinal stenosis acute/ gradual onset
gradual
spinal stenosis symptoms
Unilateral or bilateral LEG pain (with or without back pain)
Numbness, and weakness which is worse on walking. Resolves when sits down.
Pain may be described as ‘aching’, ‘crawling’.
Relieved by sitting down, leaning forwards and crouching down
Peripheral arterial disease sx
Pain on walking, relieved by rest
Absent or weak foot pulses and other signs of limb ischaemia
Peripheral arterial disease PMH
smoking and other vascular diseases
Facet join pain is always acute
May be acute or chronic
Facet join pain examination findings
On examination there may be pain over the facets. The pain is typically worse on extension of the back