Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4th year passmedicine by topic > Child Health Derm/Infections > Flashcards

Child Health Derm/Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Head lice (also known as pediculosis capitis or ‘nits’) is a common condition in children caused by

A

parasitic insect Pediculus capitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Head lice are small insects that live only on humans, they feed on our

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Head lice are spread by

A

direct head-to-head contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Head lice hen newly infected, cases have no symptoms but itching and scratching on the scalp occurs ? weeks after infection.

A

hen newly infected, cases have no symptoms but itching and scratching on the scalp occurs 2 to 3 weeks after infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Head lice Diagnosis

A

fine-toothed combing of wet or dry hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Head lice mx

A

a choice of treatments should be offered - malathion, wet combing, dimeticone, isopropyl myristate and cyclomethicone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Head lice treatment is only indicated if living lice are found

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

household contacts of patients with head lice do not need to be treated unless they are also affected

A

trye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

School exclusion is advised for children with head lice

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease is a self-limiting condition

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by

A

intestinal viruses of the Picornaviridae family (most commonly coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease is very contagious and typically occurs in outbreaks at nursery

A

trye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease sx

A

mild systemic upset: sore throat, fever
oral ulcers
followed later by vesicles on the palms and soles of the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease mx

A

symptomatic treatment only: general advice about hydration and analgesia
reassurance no link to disease in cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease children do not need to be excluded from school

A

true

children who are unwell should be kept off school until they feel better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Kawasaki disease is

A

a type of vasculitis which is predominately seen in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Whilst Kawasaki disease is uncommon it is important to recognise as it may cause potentially serious complications, including

A

coronary artery aneurysms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kawasaki disease sx

A

high-grade fever which lasts for > 5 days. Fever is characteristically resistant to antipyretics
conjunctival injection
bright red, cracked lips
strawberry tongue
cervical lymphadenopathy
red palms of the hands and the soles of the feet which later peel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Kawasaki disease is a clinical diagnosis as there is no specific diagnostic test.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kawasaki disease mx

A

high-dose aspirin
intravenous immunoglobulin
echocardiogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Scarlet fever is a reaction to

A

erythrogenic toxins produced by Group A haemolytic streptococci (usually Streptococcus pyogenes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Scarlet feveris more common in children aged

A

2 - 6 years with the peak incidence being at 4 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Scarlet feverspread via

A

respiratory route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Scarlet feverScarlet fever has an incubation period of 2-4 days and typically presents with:

A 
fever: typically lasts 24 to 48 hours
malaise, headache, nausea/vomiting
sore throat
'strawberry' tongue
rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Scarlet fever - describe rASH

A

fine punctate erythema (‘pinhead’) which generally appears first on the torso and spares the palms and soles

rough ‘sandpaper’ texture

desquamination occurs later in the course of the illness,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Scarlet feverDiagnosis

A

a throat swab is normally taken but antibiotic treatment should be commenced immediately, rather than waiting for the results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Scarlet fever mx

A

oral penicillin V for 10 days / azithromycin if allergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Scarlet fever when can children go back to school

A

children can return to school 24 hours after commencing antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Scarlet fever is a notifiable disease

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Scarlet fever is usually a mild illness but may be complicated by:

A

otitis media
rheumatic fever
acute glomerulonephritis

invasive complications (e.g. bacteraemia, meningitis, necrotizing fasciitis) are rare but may present acutely with life-threatening illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Roseola infantum (also known as exanthem subitum, occasionally sixth disease) is a common disease of infancy caused by

A

human herpes virus 6 (HHV6).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Roseola infantum typically affects

A

typically affects children aged 6 months to 2 years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Roseola infantum sx

A

high fever: lasting a few days, followed later by a
maculopapular rash
Nagayama spots: papular enanthem on the uvula and soft palate
febrile convulsions occur in around 10-15%
diarrhoea and cough are also commonly seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Roseola infantum school exclusion is not needed.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a relatively common skin disorder seen in children. It typically affects

A

the scalp (‘Cradle cap’), nappy area, face and limb flexures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cradle cap is an early sign which may develop in the first few weeks of life. It is characterised by

A

erythematous rash with coarse yellow scales.

37
Q

Cradle cap mx

A

Management depends on severity
mild-moderate: baby shampoo and baby oils
severe: mild topical steroids e.g. 1% hydrocortisone

38
Q

Seborrhoeic dermatitis in children tends to resolve spontaneously by around

A

8 months of age

39
Q

Chickenpox school exclusion

A

Advise that the most infectious period is 1–2 days before the rash appears, but infectivity continues until all the lesions are dry and have crusted over (usually about 5 days after the onset of the rash).

40
Q

Chickenpox immunocompromised patients and newborns with peripartum exposure should receive

A

varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG). If chickenpox develops then IV aciclovir should be considered

41
Q

Chickenpox A common complication is secondary bacterial infection of the lesions - what increases risk?

A

NSAIDs

42
Q

Chickenpox - infected lesions usually due to?

A

commonly may manifest as a single infected lesion/small area of cellulitis, in a small number of patients invasive group A streptococcal soft tissue infections may occur resulting in necrotizing fasciitis

43
Q

Chickenpox rare complications

A

pneumonia
encephalitis (cerebellar involvement may be seen)
disseminated haemorrhagic chickenpox
arthritis, nephritis and pancreatitis may very rarely be seen

44
Q

Measles sx?

A

Prodrome: irritable, conjunctivitis, fever
Koplik spots
rash starts behind ears then to whole body, discrete maculopapular rash becoming blotchy & confluent

45
Q

Koplik spots are associated with rubella

A

FALSE - measles

Koplik spots: white spots (‘grain of salt’) on buccal mucosa

46
Q

Mumps sx

A

Fever, malaise, muscular pain

Parotitis (‘earache’, ‘pain on eating’): unilateral initially then becomes bilateral in 70%

47
Q

Rubella sx

A

Rash: pink maculopapular, initially on face before spreading to whole body, usually fades by the 3-5 day
Lymphadenopathy: suboccipital and postauricular

48
Q

Erythema infectiosum is also known as

A

slapped cheek

49
Q

Erythema infectiosum caused by?

A

parvovirus B19

50
Q

Erythema infectiosum sx

A

Lethargy, fever, headache

‘Slapped-cheek’ rash spreading to proximal arms and extensor surfaces

51
Q

Causes of a napkin (‘nappy’) rash include

A 
Irritant dermatitis
Candida dermatitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Psoriasis
Atopic eczema
52
Q

Commonest cause of nappy rash?

A

Irritant dermatitis

53
Q

Describe the following type of nappy rash - Irritant dermatitis

A

The most common cause, due to irritant effect of urinary ammonia and faeces
Creases are characteristically spared

54
Q

Describe the following type of nappy rash -Candida dermatitis

A

Typically an erythematous rash which involve the flexures and has characteristic satellite lesions

55
Q

Describe the following type of nappy rash - Seborrhoeic dermatitis

A

Erythematous rash with flakes. May be coexistent scalp rash

56
Q

Describe the following type of nappy rash - Psoriasis

A

A less common cause characterised by an erythematous scaly rash also present elsewhere on the skin

57
Q

Describe the following type of nappy rash - Atopic eczema

A

Other areas of the skin will also be affected

58
Q

Nappy rash mx

A

disposable nappies are preferable to towel nappies
expose napkin area to air when possible
apply barrier cream (e.g. Zinc and castor oil)
mild steroid cream (e.g. 1% hydrocortisone) in severe cases
management of suspected candidal nappy rash is with a topical imidazole. Cease the use of a barrier cream until the candida has settled

59
Q

Measles mx

A

mainly supportive
admission may be considered in immunosuppressed or pregnant patients
notifiable disease → inform public health

60
Q

Most common measles complication

A

otitis media

61
Q

Most common cause of death in measles

A

pneumonia

62
Q

Measles - which complicationtypically occurs 1-2 weeks following the onset of the illness

A

encephalitis

63
Q

Measles - which rare complication may present 5-10 yrs post illness

A

subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis.

64
Q

Measles management of contacts?

A

if a child not immunized against measles comes into contact with measles then MMR should be offered (vaccine-induced measles antibody develops more rapidly than that following natural infection)

this should be given within 72 hours

65
Q

Infestation with threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis, sometimes called pinworms) is extremely common amongst children in the UK. Infestation occurs after swallowing eggs that are present in the environment.

A

true

66
Q

Threadworm infestation is asymptomatic in around 90% of cases, possible features include:

A

perianal itching, particularly at night

girls may have vulval symptoms

67
Q

Threadworm infestation diagnosis?

A

Sellotape to the perianal area and sending it to the laboratory for microscopy to see the eggs. However, most patients are treated empirically and this approach is supported in the CKS guidelines.

68
Q

Threadworm mx

A

CKS recommend a combination of anthelmintic with hygiene measures for all members of the household
mebendazole is used first-line for children > 6 months old. A single dose is given unless infestation persists

69
Q

Meningitis in children: organisms

Neonatal to 3 months

A

Group B Streptococcus: usually acquired from the mother at birth. More common in low birth weight babies and following prolonged rupture of the membranes
E. coli and other Gram -ve organisms
Listeria monocytogenes

70
Q

Meningitis in children: organisms

1 month to 6 years

A 
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Haemophilus influenzae
71
Q

Meningitis in children: organisms

Greater than 6 years

A 
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
72
Q

Contraindication to lumbar puncture

A

any signs of raised ICP

73
Q

Signs of raised ICP

A 
focal neurological signs
papilloedema
significant bulging of the fontanelle
disseminated intravascular coagulation
signs of cerebral herniation
74
Q

Antibiotics for menignitis?

A

< 3 months: IV amoxicillin (or ampicillin) + IV cefotaxime

> 3 months: IV cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone)

75
Q

menignitis mx

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Steroids
  3. Fluids - treat any shock, e.g. with colloid
  4. Cerebral monitoring - mechanical ventilation if respiratory impairment
  5. Public health notification and antibiotic prophylaxis of contacts
    ciprofloxacin
76
Q

Describe steroid use in menigitis mx

dexamethsone should be considered if the lumbar puncture reveals any of the following:

A

frankly purulent CSF
CSF white blood cell count greater than 1000/microlitre
raised CSF white blood cell count with protein concentration greater than 1 g/litre
bacteria on Gram stain

77
Q

Describe steroid use in menigitis mx

NICE advise against giving corticosteroids in children younger than

A

Describe steroid use in menigitis mx

78
Q

Rotavirus vaccine - what type

A

it is an oral, live attenuated vaccine

79
Q

Rotavirus vaccine 2 doses are required. when ?

A

2 doses are required, the first at 2 months, the second at 3 months

80
Q

Rotavirus vaccine the first dose should not be given after 14 weeks + 6 days and the second dose cannot be given after 23 weeks + 6 days due to a theoretical risk of

A

intussusception

81
Q

In contrast to adults, the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood should prompt an investigation for possible underlying causes and damage to the kidneys

A

true

82
Q

UTI causative organisms

A

E. coli (responsible for around 80% of cases)
Proteus
Pseudomonas

83
Q

UTI predisposing factors

A

Incomplete bladder emptying
Vesicoureteric reflux
Poor hygiene

84
Q

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are more common in boys until 3 months of age (due to more congenital abnormalities) after which the incidence is substantially higher in girls.

A

true

85
Q

UTI presentation infants

A

poor feeding, vomiting, irritability

86
Q

NICE guidelines for checking urine sample in a child

A

if there are any symptoms or signs suggestive or a UTI
with unexplained fever of 38°C or higher
an alternative site of infection but who remain unwell

87
Q

Urine collection method

A

clean catch is preferable
if not possible then urine collection pads should be used
cotton wool balls, gauze and sanitary towels are not suitable
invasive methods such as suprapubic aspiration should only be used if non-invasive methods are not possible

88
Q

UTI mx

A

infants less than 3 months old should be referred immediately to a paediatrician

children aged more than 3 months old with an upper UTI should be considered for admission to hospital

children aged more than 3 months old with a lower UTI should be treated with oral antibiotics for 3 days according to local guidelines, usually trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, cephalosporin or amoxicillin. Parents should be asked to bring the children back if they remain unwell after 24-48 hours

antibiotic prophylaxis is not given after the first UTI but should be considered with recurrent UTIs

4th year passmedicine by topic (96 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions