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4th year passmedicine by topic > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

U have no Pot no T just a long PR & QT

mnemonic for?

A

Hypokalemia (no pot)
U waves
absent T waves
Prolonged PR & QT

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2
Q

Jesus Quist it’s Bloody Freezing

mnemonic for?

A 
Hypothermia
J waves
prolonged QT
Bradycardia
First degree heart block
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3
Q

ECG: digoxin

long QT interval

A

false

short

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4
Q

ECG: digoxin

raised T waves

A

false

flattened or inverted

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5
Q

ECG: digoxin ST wave features?

A

down-sloping ST depression (‘reverse tick’, ‘scooped out’)

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6
Q

ECG: digoxin arrhythmias?

A

AV block, bradycardia

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7
Q

ECG: hyperkalaemia Peaked or ‘tall-tented’ T waves occurs first

A

true

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8
Q

ECG: hyperkalaemia which waves absent?

A

P waves

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9
Q

ECG: hyperkalaemia narrow/broad QRS

A

broad

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10
Q

ECG: hyperkalaemia can lead to VF

A

true

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11
Q

ECG: hyperkalaemia characteristic wave pattern

A

sinusoidal

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12
Q

WiLLiaM MaRRoW looks at changes in which leads

A

V1 & V6

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13
Q

in LBBB there is a ‘?’ in V1 and a ‘?’ in V6

A

in LBBB there is a ‘W’ in V1 and a ‘M’ in V6

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14
Q

in RBBB there is a ‘?’ in V1 and a ‘?’ in V6

A

in RBBB there is a ‘M’ in V1 and a ‘W’ in V6

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15
Q

Bifascicular block features RBBB/LBBB

A

RBBB

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16
Q

Bifascicular block features RBBB alongside right/left hemiblock

A

left anterior or posterior hemiblock

e.g. RBBB with left axis deviation

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17
Q

Trifascicular block includes

features of bifascicular and

A

1st-degree heart block

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18
Q

Posterior STEMI features which ECG changes

A

Tall R waves V1-2

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19
Q

STEMI areas and coronary artery affected

A

Anteroseptal V1-V4 Left anterior descending

Inferior II, III, aVF Right coronary

Anterolateral V4-6, I, aVL Left anterior descending or left circumflex

Lateral I, aVL +/- V5-6 Left circumflex

Posterior Tall R waves V1-2 Usually left circumflex, also right coronary

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20
Q

LBBB/RBBB may point towards a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.

A

LBBB

21
Q

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) T wave changes in first few minutes are T waves typically become inverted

A

false

hyperacute T waves are often the first sign of MI but often only persists for a few minutes

22
Q

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) T wave changes in first 24 hours

A

T waves typically become inverted within the first 24 hours

23
Q

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) inversion of the T waves can last for 48 hours

A

false

days to months

24
Q

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) pathological Q waves develop after several hours to days

A

true

25
Q

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) pathological Q waves persists infinitely

A

true

26
Q

clinical symptoms consistent with ACS (generally of ≥ 20 minutes duration) with persistent (> 20 minutes) ECG features in ≥ 2 contiguous leads

A

true

27
Q

A posterior MI causes ST depression not elevation on a 12-lead ECG.

A

true

28
Q

ECG features STEMI

in men under 40 years

A

2.5 mm (i.e ≥ 2.5 small squares) ST elevation in leads V2-3

29
Q

ECG features STEMI

in men over 40 years

A

≥ 2.0 mm (i.e ≥ 2 small squares) ST elevation in leads V2-3

30
Q

ECG features STEMI in women

A

1.5 mm ST elevation

31
Q

new LBBB/RBBB is ECG feature of STEMI

A

new LBBB

32
Q

ECG features STEMI 1 mm ST elevation in other leads (not V2/V3)

A

true

33
Q

Causes of RBBB

A 
right ventricular hypertrophy
chronically increased right ventricular pressure - e.g. cor pulmonale
pulmonary embolism
myocardial infarction
atrial septal defect (ostium secundum)
cardiomyopathy or myocarditis
34
Q

RBBB is a normal variant - more common with increasing age

A

True

35
Q

Causes peaked T waves includes hyperkalaemia & myocardial ischaemia

A

True

36
Q

Inverted T waves causes

A 
myocardial ischaemia
digoxin toxicity
subarachnoid haemorrhage
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
pulmonary embolism ('S1Q3T3')
Brugada syndrome
37
Q

Increased P wave amplitude is a feature of

A

cor pulmonale

38
Q

Broad, notched (bifid) P waves a sign of left atrial enlargement, classically due to

A

mitral stenosis

often most pronounced in lead II

39
Q

In atrial fibrillation, there is an absence of P waves.

A

true

40
Q

Causes of ST depression

A 
secondary to abnormal QRS (LVH, LBBB, RBBB)
ischaemia
digoxin
hypokalaemia
syndrome X
41
Q

A prolonged PR interval may also be seen in athletes

A

true

42
Q

Causes of a prolonged PR interval

A 
idiopathic
ischaemic heart disease
digoxin toxicity
hypokalaemia*
rheumatic fever
aortic root pathology e.g. abscess secondary to endocarditis
Lyme disease
sarcoidosis
myotonic dystrophy
43
Q

A prolonged PR interval may also be seen in WPW

A

false

short PR

44
Q

Causes of left axis deviation (LAD)

A

left anterior hemiblock
left bundle branch block
inferior myocardial infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome* - right-sided accessory pathway
hyperkalaemia
congenital: ostium primum ASD, tricuspid atresia
minor LAD in obese people

45
Q

Causes of right axis deviation (RAD)

A 
right ventricular hypertrophy
left posterior hemiblock
lateral myocardial infarction
chronic lung disease → cor pulmonale
pulmonary embolism
ostium secundum ASD
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome* - left-sided accessory pathway
normal in infant < 1 years old
minor RAD in tall people
46
Q

The following ECG changes are considered normal variants in an athlete

A

sinus bradycardia
junctional rhythm
first degree heart block
Wenckebach phenomenon

47
Q

Causes of ST elevation include

A 
myocardial infarction
pericarditis/myocarditis
normal variant - 'high take-off'
left ventricular aneurysm
Prinzmetal's angina (coronary artery spasm)
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
48
Q

ECG changes WPW

A

short PR interval
wide QRS complexes with a slurred upstroke - ‘delta wave’
left axis deviation if right-sided accessory pathway*
right axis deviation if left-sided accessory pathway*

4th year passmedicine by topic (96 decks)

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