Non Melanoma Flashcards

1
Q

BCC Lesions are also known as

A

rodent ulcers

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2
Q

BCC are characterised by?

A

slow-growth and local invasion

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3
Q

BCC mets common

A

false

Metastases are extremely rare.

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4
Q

BCC is the most common type of cancer in the Western world.

A

true

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5
Q

many types of BCC are described. The most common type is

A

nodular BCC

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6
Q

Features of BCC?

A

sun-exposed sites, especially the head and neck account for the majority of lesions
initially a pearly, flesh-coloured papule with telangiectasia
may later ulcerate leaving a central ‘crater’

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7
Q

generally, if a BCC is suspected, a routine referral should be made

A

true

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8
Q

BCC mx?

A
surgical removal
curettage
cryotherapy
topical cream: imiquimod, fluorouracil
topical chemotherapy
radiotherapy
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9
Q

What is Bowen’s disease?

A

precancerous dermatosis that is a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. It is more common in elderly patients.

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10
Q

In bowen’s There is around a ?% chance of developing invasive skin cancer if left untreated.

A

There is around a 5-10% chance of developing invasive skin cancer if left untreated.

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11
Q

Features of Bowen’s disease?

A

red, scaly patches
often 10-15 mm in size
slow-growing
often occur on sun-exposed areas such as the head (e.g. temples) and neck, lower limbs

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12
Q

Management of Bowen;s is always in hospital

A

false

may sometimes be diagnosed and managed in primary care if clear diagnosis or repeat episode

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13
Q

Mx bowen’s

A
topical 5-fluorouracil
typically used twice daily for 4 weeks
often results in significant inflammation/erythema. Topical steroids are often given to control this
cryotherapy
excision
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14
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is a common variant of skin cancer. Metastases are rare but may occur in ?% of patients.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma is a common variant of skin cancer. Metastases are rare but may occur in 2-5% of patients.

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15
Q

Risk factors SSC

A

excessive exposure to sunlight / psoralen UVA therapy
immunosuppression e.g. following renal transplant, HIV
smoking
long-standing leg ulcers
genetic conditions

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16
Q

Which conditions are precursors for SCC

A

actinic keratoses and Bowen’s disease

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17
Q

What are long-standing leg ulcers also called?

A

Marjolin’s ulcer

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18
Q

What genetic conditions are associated with SCC?

A

xeroderma pigmentosum, oculocutaneous albinism

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19
Q

What is actinic keratoses?

A

Actinic, or solar, keratoses (AK) is a common premalignant skin lesion that develops as a consequence of chronic sun exposure.

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20
Q

Features of actinic keratoses?

A

small, crusty or scaly, lesions
may be pink, red, brown or the same colour as the skin
typically on sun-exposed areas e.g. temples of head
multiple lesions may be present

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21
Q

for actinic keratoses Management options include

A

prevention of further risk: e.g. sun avoidance, sun cream

fluorouracil cream
topical diclofenac
topical imiquimod
cryotherapy
curettage and cautery
22
Q

Points for using fluorouracil cream in actinic keratoses?

A

typically a 2 to 3 week course. The skin will become red and inflamed - sometimes topical hydrocortisone is given following fluorouracil to help settle the inflammation

23
Q

When is topical diclofenac used in actinic keratoses?

A

may be used for mild AKs. Moderate efficacy but much fewer side-effects

24
Q

In BCC you don’t need a diagnostic test for surgery

A

false

As a minimum a diagnostic punch biopsy should be taken if treatment other than standard surgical excision is planned.

25
Q

What is Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

Tumour of vascular and lymphatic endothelium.
Purple cutaneous nodules.
Associated with immuno supression.

26
Q

Kaposi sarcoma affects who?

A

Classical form affects elderly males

27
Q

Kaposi sarcoma is slow growing

A

true

28
Q

Kaposi sarcoma - Immunosupression form is much more aggressive

A

true

tends to affect those with HIV related disease.

29
Q

The vast majority of NMSC’s are related to UV light exposure.

A

true

30
Q

Describe pattern of different skin cancer NMSC & sun exposure

A

or SCC’s the major pattern is chronic long-term exposure.

For BCC’s, the pattern of sporadic exposure with episodes of burning is more important.

31
Q

The incidence of NMSC’s increases with age and whilst there is a female preponderance in those under 40 years of age, in later life the sex incidence is roughly equal.

A

true

32
Q

Organ transplant recipients have a markedly increased incidence of

A

SCC
In addition to this increased risk, transplant recipients are also more likely to develop locoregional recurrences following treatment.

33
Q

Which virus DNA is found in the majority of transplant recipient SCC’s.

A

Human papilloma

34
Q

Actinic keratosis is viewed as a premalignant lesion because?

A

there are atypical keratinocytes present in the epidermis. In a person with 7 actinic keratosis, the risks of subsequent SCC is of the order of 10% at 10 years. The primary lesion is a rough erythematous papule with a white to yellow scale. Lesions are typically clustered at sites of chronic sun exposure.

35
Q

The commonest clinical presentation of SCC is

A

an erythematous keratotic papule or nodule on a background of sun exposure. Ulceration may occur and both exophytic and endophytic areas may be seen. Regional lymphadenopathy may be present.

36
Q

Pathology SCC?

A

Pathologically there is a downward proliferation of malignant cells and invasion of the basement membrane. Poorly differentiated lesions may show perineural invasion and require immunohistochemistry with S100 to distinguish them from melanomas (which stain strongly positive with this marker).

37
Q

Types of BCC?

A
Nodular BCC
Superficial BCC
Morpheaform BCC
Cystic BCC
Basosquamous carcinoma
38
Q

Describe Nodular BCC?

A

Raised translucent papule
Usually affect the face
Large nodular BCC’s are locally destructive

39
Q

Describe Superficial BCC?

A

Usually appears as superficial erythematous macule affecting the trunk
Younger age at presentation (mean 57)
May show areas of spontaneous regression
Horizontal growth patter predominates
High recurrence rate (due to subclinical lateral spread)

40
Q

Describe Morpheaform BCC

A

Macroscopically resembles flat, slightly atrophic lesion or plaque without well-defined borders
Tumour has sub clinical lateral spread which increases recurrence rates

41
Q

Describe Cystic BCC

A

Often have clear or blue-grey appearance

Cystic degeneration may not be clinically obvious and tumour may resemble nodular BCC

42
Q

Describe Basosquamous carcinoma?

A

Atypical BCC
Basaloid histological BCC features with eosinophilic squamoid features of SCC
Biologically more aggressive and are more locally destructive
Rare lesion accounts for 1% of all non-melanoma skin cancers
Metastatic disease may occur in 9-10% of cases and resemble an SCC

43
Q

Keratoacanthoma is usually premalignant

A

false

They are generally benign lesions although some do view them as precursors of malignancy.

44
Q

Describe keratoacanthoma

A

Dome-shaped erythematous lesions that develop over a period of days and grow rapidly. They often contain a central pit of keratin. They then begin to necrose and slough off.

45
Q

Mx keratoacanthoma

A

They may be treated by curettage and cautery. If there is diagnostic doubt (they can mimic malignancy) then formal excision biopsy is warranted.

46
Q

Describe pyogenic granuloma

A

These present as friable overgrowths of granulation at sites of minor trauma. They may be ulcerated and bleeding on contact is common.

47
Q

Mx pyogenic granuloma

A

They may be treated with curettage and cautery, formal excision may be used if there is diagnostic doubt.

48
Q

What is Leukoplakia?

A

Leukoplakia is a premalignant condition which presents as white, hard spots on the mucous membranes of the mouth. It is more common in smokers.

49
Q

Leukoplakia is said to be a diagnosis of exclusion. What should be considered?

A

Candidiasis and lichen planus should be considered, especially if the lesions can be ‘rubbed off’
Biopsies are usually performed to exclude alternative diagnoses such as squamous cell carcinoma

50
Q

Why is Leukoplakia followed up?

A

regular follow-up is required to exclude malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, which occurs in around 1% of patients.

51
Q

Skin types may be classified according to Fitzpatrick classification:

A

I: Never tans, always burns (often red hair, freckles, and blue eyes)
II: Usually tans, always burns
III: Always tans, sometimes burns (usually dark hair and brown eyes)
IV: Always tans, rarely burns (olive skin)
V: Sunburn and tanning after extreme UV exposure (brown skin, e.g. Indian)
VI: Black skin (e.g. Afro-Caribbean), never tans, never burns