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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 5 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual selection

A

Occurs when individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others of the same sex to obtain mates.

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2
Q

Balancing selection

A

Occurs when variation is preserved at a locus, maintaining two or more phenotypes in a population.

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3
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

A form of balancing election in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency in the population.

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4
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

A form of balancing election in which heterozygotes for a particular locus have greater fitness than both homozygotes.

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5
Q

Sick-cell disease is caused by a mutation at a single allele. This sickle-cell allele is maintain in some populations through _________.

A

Heterozygote advantage

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6
Q

Community ecology

A

Examines how interactions between different species affect their distribution and abundance.

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7
Q

Community

A

Includes populations of different species living in close enough proximity to interact with one another.

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8
Q

Trophic structure

A

Ecological communities are characterized by. attributes such. as their diversity and the feeding relation ships among species.

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9
Q

Species diversity

A

Includes the total variety of different organisms present.

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10
Q

What are the two components of species diversity?

A

Species richness and relative abundance.

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11
Q

Shannon diversity index

A

(H) is used to calculate the diversity of a community based on both species richness and relative abundance.

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12
Q

Introduced species

A

Organisms that have been moved to new regions outside of their original range.

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13
Q

Trophic structure

A

Describes the feeding relationships between organisms in a community.

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14
Q

Energy is transferred from ________ to __________ to _____, ______,______ to decomposers.

A

Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary consumers

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15
Q

What is an example of a primary producer?

A

Plants and other autotrophs

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16
Q

What is an example of a primary consumer?

A

Herbivores

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17
Q

What are examples of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers?

A

Carnivores

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18
Q

Food chain

A
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19
Q

Trophic Level

A

Position of an organism in the food chain, referred to as their trophic level

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20
Q

Food-web

A

Multiple food chains are linked together to form a food web.

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21
Q

Bottom-up model

A

For community organization states that lower. trophic levels have influence on higher trophic levels but not vice nersa.

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22
Q

Foundation species

A

Have large effects within their communities because of their high abundance and often large size. They often provide habitat or food for other species.

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23
Q

Keystone species

A

Have large effects within their communities although. they are not usually abundant. Often they have important ecological roles that. influence community structure.

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24
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

Influence their communities by changing the physical environment.

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25
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms. They can change community structure dramatically.

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26
Q

Zoonotic Pathogens

A

Transferred from other animals to humans, sometimes. through an intermediate species referred to as a vector.

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27
Q

Vector

A

Intermediate species that transfer zoonotic pathogens to humans.

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28
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

Relationships between individuals of two or more species in the community. Positive, negative, or neutral effects on the survival and reproduction of the species involved.

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29
Q

Competition

A

Occurs when individuals compete for resources that limit survival and reproduction of both species (-/-).

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30
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

When the inferior competitor is eventually eliminated from the area because limited resources prevent them from coexisting.

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31
Q

Ecological niche

A

The specific set of biotic and abiotic resources an organism uses in its environment.

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32
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Two or more ecologically similar species can coexist in communities if they exhibit resource partitioning- differentiation of their niches.

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33
Q

Character displacement

A

Can occur when traits diverge in geographically overlapping populations of two species compared o populations of those species living in different areas.

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34
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The set of conditions that a species could potentially occupy.

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35
Q

Realized niche

A

The portion of the fundamental niche where it actually occurs (competition can lead to a different realized niche).

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36
Q

Exploitation

A

A term for any +/- interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on individuals of another species.

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37
Q

Predation

A

A predator killing and eating its prey.
(+/-)

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38
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

A defensive adaptation of prey, camouflage making them hard to see.

39
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

A defensive adaptation of prey, warning coloration in animals with chemical defenses, honest signal.

40
Q

Bayesian mimicry

A

A defensive adaptation of prey, when a harmless species. resembles a harmful or bad-tasting species.

41
Q

Herbivory

A

One organism (the herbivore) eats parts or algae, usually not causing mortality, is a form of exploitation (+/-).

42
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism (the parasite) obtains nourishment from another organism (the host), which is harmed by the interaction, is a form of exploitation: (+/-)

43
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live and feed within the body of their hosts.

44
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Live and feed on the external surface of their host.

45
Q

Parasitoid insects

A

Lay their eggs on or inside living hosts.

46
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms.

47
Q

Commensalism

A

One type of positive interaction in which one individual benefits and neither is harmed (+/o).

48
Q

Positive interaction

A

A relationship between organisms where at least one organism benefits from the interaction with no harm caused to either participant.

49
Q

Mutualism

A

Species interaction in which both members of the interaction benefit (+/+).

50
Q

Lichen

A

Close association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism (algae or cyanobacteria).

51
Q

Mycorrhizal

A

Associates with vascular plants in root systems, fungi form.

52
Q

Endophytes

A

Fungi or bacteria that live inside plant leaves or other structures and may benefit plants by keeping herbivores away or increasing tolerance to drought, heat, or pathogens.

53
Q

Non-equilibrium model

A

Most communities are constantly changing after disturbance.

54
Q

Disturbance

A

An even that disrupts a community and alters the distribution of living and non-living resources.

55
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

States that moderate levels of disturbance allows for higher species diversity than high or low levels of disturbance.

56
Q

Ecological succession

A

After a disturbance, the transition in the species composition of a community is referred to as ecological succession.

57
Q

Primary succession

A

Involves the colonization of a virtually lifeless area by new species.

58
Q

Secondary succession

A

Includes the recolonization of an area after a major disturbance has removed most, but not all, species in the community.

59
Q

Life history

A

An organism includes the traits that affect the pattern of reproductive events and survival.

60
Q

Trade-offs

A

Unescapable compromises between traits because they must perform different functions and are limited by available resources.

61
Q

r-selection

A

Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success at low population densities.

62
Q

K-selection

A

Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success at high population densities.

63
Q

Density-independent

A

A factor that does not change with population density.

64
Q

Density-dependent

A

Factors that increase or decrease as population changes.

Factors can regulate populations through negative feedback.

65
Q

Territoriality

A

Defense of an area against other individuals-competition for space.

66
Q

Allelopthy

A

The release of chemicals that inhibits growth of other plants.

67
Q

Variation

A

Multiple phenotypes are found within a species which compete with one another for resources.

68
Q

Heritability

A

Each phenotype is dependent, at least partially, on an underlying genotype, which is passed on to the offspring of individuals expressing that phenotype.

69
Q

Differential Fitness

A

Individuals with some phenotypes produce more offspring than others, leading to a shift in the relative numbers of individuals with each genotypes (and it’s expressed phenotype) in the next generation.

70
Q

Genetic variation

A

Describes the differences among individuals in their genes or DNA sequences.

71
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA.

72
Q

Neutral variation

A

Arises from mutations in non-coding regions or mutations that do not alter the protein.

73
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable physical traits of an organism.

74
Q

Allele

A

Any version or form of a gene that may result in a difference in phenotype. A diploid. organism has two alleles for each gene.

75
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism.

76
Q

Heterozygotes

A

Individuals with two different alleles for a gene.

77
Q

Homozygotes

A

Individuals with two identical alleles for a gene.

78
Q

Locus

A

A specific place in the genome.

79
Q

Gene pool

A

The combination of all copies of very type of allele at every locus in every individuals in a population.

80
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

A null model- if a population is in HWE then it is not evolving (at that particular locus).

The allele frequencies ad genotype frequencies will stay the same from generation to generation.

81
Q

The expected frequencies of the _______gentoypes in the next generation are p^2 and q^2.

A

Homozygous genotypes

82
Q

The expected frequency of the ________ genotype is 2pq.

A

Heterozygous genotype

83
Q

Genetic drift

A

Strong effects in small populations

84
Q

Gene flow and selection

A

Alter allele frequencies directly and the most substantially- they cause the most evolutionary change.

85
Q

Non-random mating changes______ within a population but alone it does not affect allele frequencies.

A

Genotype frequencies

86
Q

Inbreeding

A

Occurs when individuals mate with close relatives.

87
Q

Assortative mating

A

Th tendency to mate with individuals that have similar (positive) or opposite (negative) phenotypes.

88
Q

Isolation by Distance

A

A pattern that results when individuals tend to mate with others that are nearby.

89
Q

New alleles that arise through mutations change ________ within a population.

A

Allele frequencies

90
Q

When populations are small, random chance causes _____ to fluctuate unpredictable from one generation to the next- a process called ______.

A

Allele frequencies
Genetic drift

91
Q

_________can lead to the loss of an allele from a gene pool while another allele becomes fixed at a frequency of 100%.

A

Genetic drift

92
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when few individuals colonize a new area.

93
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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