Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 1

Question 1

DNA transcribed to RNA that is translated to proteins

Answer 1

Central Dogma

Question 2

The genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism

Answer 2

Genotype

Question 3

Describes the Manifestation of organisms

The observable physical traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup

Answer 3

Phenotype

Question 4

Organisms display an array of traits

Multiple phenotypes are found within a species. which compete. with one another for resources

Answer 4

Variation

Question 5

Traits of offspring resemble those of their parents

Each phenotype is dependent at least partially on underlying genotype which is passed on to the offspring of individuals expressing that phenotype

Answer 5

Heritability

Question 6

Which three features are needed for evolution to occur

Answer 6

Variation, heritability, differential fitness

Question 7

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Answer 7

Molecules

Water

Question 8

Any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended. in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

Organelles

Question 9

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and. function; the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

barrier- separation of inside from the exterior

Answer 9

Cells

Question 10

A specialized center of body function composed of several types of tissues all working together

Answer 10

organs

Question 11

An integrated group of cells with a common structure function or both

only multicellular organisms have this

Cells communicating towards a goal

Answer 11

Tissue

Question 12

An individual. living. thing consisting of one or more cells

Answer 12

organism

Question 13

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. and inter breed, producing fertile offspring

Answer 13

population

Question 14

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction

Answer 14

Communities

Question 15

All. the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with. which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them

Answer 15

ecosystem

Question 16

The entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planets ecosystems

Answer 16

Biosphere

Question 17

Why was 9,500 BP significant?

Answer 17

First cities

Question 18

Why was 300,000 BP significant?

Answer 18

First homosapiens

Question 19

Why was 65,500,000 BP significant?

Answer 19

K-Pg extinction

Question 20

Why was 542,000,000 BP significant?

Answer 20

Cambrian explosion

Question 21

Why was 2,500,000,000 BP significant?

Answer 21

First evidence of life

Question 22

What is the blended model of inheritance?

Answer 22

Traits of offspring resemble an intermediate between their parents traits

Question 23

What is the segregating model of inheritance?

Answer 23

Traits of offspring resemble the trait of one parent or the other.

Question 24

Phenomenon where populations of organisms increase exponentially

Answer 24

Malthusian Population Growth

Question 25

Organisms competing for limited resources

Answer 25

Struggle for existence

Question 26

measure of how many offspring an individual organism produces

Answer 26

Fitness

Question 27

Describes the persistence through time of forms (phenotypes) that create the most offspring

Answer 27

Survival of the fittest

Question 28

groups of organisms which is where evolution occurs

Answer 28

populations

Question 29

a change in the genetic composition of population from generation to generation a process that results in a. change in pattern and does not occur in individuals

Answer 29

evolution

Question 30

the removal of genotypes. and their associated. phenotypes that are. less fit in an environment

Answer 30

natural selection

Question 31

a type of natural selection where selective breeding is used to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

Answer 31

artificial selection

Question 32

a taxonomic group of any rank

Answer 32

taxon

Question 33

a classification scheme where a species can be a member of multiple more-inclusive categories

Answer 33

hierarchal

Question 34

a hierarchal scheme for classifying species into higher-order groups

Answer 34

Linnaean classification

Question 35

two-part naming scheme used to identify unique species and. indicate their close relative

Answer 35

binomial nomenclature

Question 36

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring but do not produce viable fertile offspring with members of other such groups

Answer 36

biological species concept

Question 37

"Tree thinking" Describes a process of splitting lineages and accumulating modifications.

Answer 37

Phylogenetic's

Question 38

a form of hereditary lateral gene transfer

Answer 38

hybridization

Question 39

one which has survived to the present day, and so it is a living group.

Answer 39

Extant

Question 40

a pragmatic proxy for a species usually based on DNA sequencing

Answer 40

Operational taxonomic unit

Question 41

Order of the Linnaean classification from least inclusive to most inclusive

Answer 41

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom

Question 42

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

Answer 42

Speciation

Question 43

an interruption in genetic connectivity between populations required by speciation

Answer 43

Reproductive isolation

Question 44

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 44

phylogeny

Question 45

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.

Answer 45

monophyly

Question 46

one which has survived to the present day, and so it is a living group.

Answer 46

clade

Question 47

taxa that are each others closest relative

Answer 47

sister taxa

Question 48

taxa that are sister to the focal taxon

Answer 48

outgroup taxa

Question 49

trait if two taxa share that trait due to inheritance of the trait from a common ancestor

Answer 49

homology

Question 50

trait if two text share a trait but it evolved independently in the history of each lineage (common ancestor did not share this trait)

Answer 50

analogy

Question 51

a model of evolution characterized by slow. continuous transformation from one phenotype to another

Answer 51

gradualism

Question 52

a novel of evolution characterized by long period of phenotypic uniformity interspersed with short bursts of radical phenotypic change

Answer 52

punctuated equilibrium

Question 53

prevent formation of hybrid zygotes. between different population or species

Answer 53

pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms Habitat isolation temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation

Question 54

reduce viability or fertility of hybrid offspring between different populations or species

Answer 54

post-zygotic isolating mechanism Reduced hybrid viability reduced hybrid fertility hybrid breakdown