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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 1 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA transcribed to RNA that is translated to proteins

A

Central Dogma

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2
Q

The genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Describes the Manifestation of organisms

The observable physical traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

Organisms display an array of traits

Multiple phenotypes are found within a species. which compete. with one another for resources

A

Variation

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5
Q

Traits of offspring resemble those of their parents

Each phenotype is dependent at least partially on underlying genotype which is passed on to the offspring of individuals expressing that phenotype

A

Heritability

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6
Q

Which three features are needed for evolution to occur

A

Variation, heritability, differential fitness

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7
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecules

Water

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8
Q

Any of several kinds of membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended. in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

A

Organelles

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9
Q

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and. function; the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

barrier- separation of inside from the exterior

A

Cells

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10
Q

A specialized center of body function composed of several types of tissues all working together

A

organs

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11
Q

An integrated group of cells with a common structure function or both

only multicellular organisms have this

Cells communicating towards a goal

A

Tissue

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12
Q

An individual. living. thing consisting of one or more cells

A

organism

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13
Q

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. and inter breed, producing fertile offspring

A

population

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14
Q

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction

A

Communities

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15
Q

All. the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with. which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them

A

ecosystem

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16
Q

The entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planets ecosystems

A

Biosphere

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17
Q

Why was 9,500 BP significant?

A

First cities

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18
Q

Why was 300,000 BP significant?

A

First homosapiens

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19
Q

Why was 65,500,000 BP significant?

A

K-Pg extinction

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20
Q

Why was 542,000,000 BP significant?

A

Cambrian explosion

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21
Q

Why was 2,500,000,000 BP significant?

A

First evidence of life

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22
Q

What is the blended model of inheritance?

A

Traits of offspring resemble an intermediate between their parents traits

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23
Q

What is the segregating model of inheritance?

A

Traits of offspring resemble the trait of one parent or the other.

24
Q

Phenomenon where populations of organisms increase exponentially

A

Malthusian Population Growth

25
Q

Organisms competing for limited resources

A

Struggle for existence

26
Q

measure of how many offspring an individual organism produces

A

Fitness

27
Q

Describes the persistence through time of forms (phenotypes) that create the most offspring

A

Survival of the fittest

28
Q

groups of organisms which is where evolution occurs

A

populations

29
Q

a change in the genetic composition of population from generation to generation

a process that results in a. change in pattern and does not occur in individuals

A

evolution

30
Q

the removal of genotypes. and their associated. phenotypes that are. less fit in an environment

A

natural selection

31
Q

a type of natural selection where selective breeding is used to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

A

artificial selection

32
Q

a taxonomic group of any rank

A

taxon

33
Q

a classification scheme where a species can be a member of multiple more-inclusive categories

A

hierarchal

34
Q

a hierarchal scheme for classifying species into higher-order groups

A

Linnaean classification

35
Q

two-part naming scheme used to identify unique species and. indicate their close relative

A

binomial nomenclature

36
Q

a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring but do not produce viable fertile offspring with members of other such groups

A

biological species concept

37
Q

“Tree thinking” Describes a process of splitting lineages and accumulating modifications.

A

Phylogenetic’s

38
Q

a form of hereditary lateral gene transfer

A

hybridization

39
Q

one which has survived to the present day, and so it is a living group.

A

Extant

40
Q

a pragmatic proxy for a species usually based on DNA sequencing

A

Operational taxonomic unit

41
Q

Order of the Linnaean classification from least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom

42
Q

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

A

Speciation

43
Q

an interruption in genetic connectivity between populations required by speciation

A

Reproductive isolation

44
Q

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

A

phylogeny

45
Q

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.

A

monophyly

46
Q

one which has survived to the present day, and so it is a living group.

A

clade

47
Q

taxa that are each others closest relative

A

sister taxa

48
Q

taxa that are sister to the focal taxon

A

outgroup taxa

49
Q

trait if two taxa share that trait due to inheritance of the trait from a common ancestor

A

homology

50
Q

trait if two text share a trait but it evolved independently in the history of each lineage
(common ancestor did not share this trait)

A

analogy

51
Q

a model of evolution characterized by slow. continuous transformation from one phenotype to another

A

gradualism

52
Q

a novel of evolution characterized by long period of phenotypic uniformity interspersed with short bursts of radical phenotypic change

A

punctuated equilibrium

53
Q

prevent formation of hybrid zygotes. between different population or species

A

pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms

Habitat isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

54
Q

reduce viability or fertility of hybrid offspring between different populations or species

A

post-zygotic isolating mechanism

Reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown

55
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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