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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 2 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

occurs when offspring inherit genotypes from their parent(s)

A

Vertical transmission of genetic material

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2
Q

occurs when organisms gain genetic material from sources other than from one parent to one offspring

A

Lateral transmission of genetic material

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3
Q

occurs when genetic material is passed laterally between lineages due to hybridization

A

Genetic introgression

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4
Q

theory that eukaryotic arouse though the combination of an archaea with a bacteria

A

Symbiogenesis

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5
Q

allows a single genome to produce many different cell types

A

Differential gene expression

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6
Q

those which only give rise to offspring cells in the body of an organism

A

Somatic Cells

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7
Q

are those in a direct cellular lineage that pass from organisms in one generation to the next

A

Germ cells

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8
Q

collections of unicellular organisms that are connected to one another but exhibit little or no cellular differentiation

A

Colonies

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9
Q

chemicals that absorb specific wavelengths of light depending on their chemical structure.

A

Photosynthetic pigments

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10
Q

a haploid phase of the life cycle of Viridiplantae that produces the gametes. (n)

A

Gametophyte

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11
Q

a diploid phase of the life cycle of viridiplantae that produces the spores(2n)

A

Sporophyte

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12
Q

Flattened body from of the gametophyte

A

Thallus

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13
Q

hair-like structures that bind the thallus to the substrate

A

Rhizoids

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14
Q

tissue primarily carries water from the roots toward the leaves via evapotranspiration and is dead at functional maturity

A

Xylem

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15
Q

tissue primarily carries sugar from the leaves to other tissues using hydrostatic pressure and is live at functional maturity

A

Phloem

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16
Q

Occurs when the male and female gametophytes unite

A

Pollination

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17
Q

a population of similar cells within an organism that work together to perform a common function

A

Tissue

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18
Q

organisms exhibit three embryonic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm).

A

Triploblastic

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19
Q

a fluid filled body cavity

A

Coelom

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20
Q

a tube that carries food through the body

A

Alimentary canal

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21
Q

a periodic molt of the three-layered cuticle

A

Ecdysis

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22
Q

refers to the formation of an anus first and a mouth second during embryonic growth of the alimentary canal

A

Deuterostome condition

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23
Q

the outer protective tissue layer of a plant

A

dermal tissue

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24
Q

the transport tissue of a plant

A

vascular tissue

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25
Q

additional plant tissues specialized for functions such as photosynthesis, storage, short-distance transport, and support

A

ground tissue

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26
Q

ground tissues cells specialized for photosynthesis

A

Palisades mesophyll

27
Q

structural support tissue used to hold other tissues in place

A

Connective tissue

28
Q

a thin payer of tissue that lines the surface of the body

A

Epithelial tissue

29
Q

is relatively thin secretion of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and proteins

A

Primary cell wall

30
Q

composed of cellulose lignin and other polysaccharides between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

A

secondary cell wall

31
Q

Cells occur mainly in the dermal and ground tissues. These cells lack secondary cell walls and have large central vacuoles for storage cells are totipotent.

A

Parenchyma

32
Q

Exhibit thickened primary cell walls and provide flexible support in growing tissues

A

Collenchyma cells

33
Q

Exhibit thick secondary walls with large amounts of lignin. Mature cells are dead, leaving behind their cell walls as a support structure.

A

Sclerenchyma cells

34
Q

a center of mitotic division at the apex of a root or shoot

A

Apical meristem

35
Q

occurs through cell elongation in the internodes

A

Primary growth

36
Q

increase in circumference, occurs at cylindrical lateral meristems

A

Secondary growth

37
Q

A lateral meristem that produces additional layers of secondary xylem and phloem cells. Xylem is usually added at a faster rate the phloem.

A

Vascular growth

38
Q

a lateral meristem that produces layers of cork cells. on the lateral side of the meristem

A

Cork cambium

39
Q

consists of a closed body compartment supported from within by fluid pressure

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

40
Q

non-living structure that surrounds the body cavity providing support

A

Exoskeleton

41
Q

support structure surrounded by the body tissues, some elects may be living or continuously replaced.

A

Endoskeleton

42
Q

the brain basket or endocardium is composed of this. This bone forms as a series of carriages that are later ossified

A

Endochondral body

43
Q

an organelle used for powered whip-like movement. Is an ancestral character in animilia.

A

Eukaryotic flagellum

44
Q

composed of two coiled strands of actin

A

Thin filaments

45
Q

composed of staggered arrays of the motor protein myosin

A

thick filaments

46
Q
A

sarcomere

47
Q

pairs of muscles that produce opposite motions allowing for reversible actions
(flexor, extensor)

A

Antagonistic muscle pairs

48
Q

the motion of skeletal muscle is often extended through them. non-contractile connective tissues connected to the origin or insertion

A

tendons

49
Q

functional units photosynthesis composed of reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes

A

Photosystems

50
Q

describes light with a wavelength of 400-700 nm

A

Photosynthetically active radiation

51
Q

describe the ability of a plant to absorb light of different wavelengths

A

Action spectra

52
Q

the photon “bounces” of the leaf

A

Reflectance

53
Q

the photon is absorbed as. energy by a photosynthetic pigment

A

absorption

54
Q

the photon passes through thee leaf

A

Transmittance

55
Q

energy is transferred from one photosynthetic pigment in the light-harvesting complex to another

A

Resonance

56
Q

energy is emitted from the photosynthetic pigment as heat and a new lower-energy photon

A

Fluorescence

57
Q

protein complex that catalyzes the fixation of carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide

A
58
Q

describes the maintenance of internal balance within the body of an organism

A

Homeostasis

59
Q

signaling molecules broadcast through the body by the endocrine system

A

Hormones

60
Q

respond to environmental stimuli using a single hormone to regulate internal responses

A

Simple endocrine pathways

61
Q

are phenomena that may be perceived by the endocrine cells or by the nervous system (neuroendocrine signaling)

A

Stimuli

62
Q

occurs when the endocrine pathway produces a response that reduces the initial stimulus condition

tend to promote balance in pathway

A

Negative feedback

63
Q

occurs when the endocrine pathway produces a response that amplifies the initial stimulus condition

A

Positive feedback

Biology (9 decks)

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