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Biology > Biology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glucose + Galactose=

A

Lactose

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2
Q

Glucose + Fructose=

A

Sucrose

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3
Q

Glucose + Glucose=

A

Maltose

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4
Q

Maltose + Water=

A
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5
Q

Is starch a storage or a structure

A

Storage

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6
Q

Is starch a storage in plants or animals

A

Plants

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7
Q

Is glycogen a storage or a structure?

A

Storage

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8
Q

Is glycogen storage in plants or animals?

A

Animals

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9
Q

Is cellulose a storage or structure?

A

Structure

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10
Q

Is chitin a storage or structure?

A

Structure

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11
Q

Is chitin a structure in plants or animals?

A

Animals

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12
Q

Why do we find HFCS in so many of our foods and drinks?

A
  1. Longer Shelf Life
  2. Dissolves in Liquid better
  3. Cheaper to make
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13
Q

List 2 functions of small sugars

A
  1. Energy Source
  2. Raw Material for Fatty Acids/Amino Acids
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14
Q

How is fructose different from glucose?

A
  1. Its sweeter
  2. Fructose is only used by liver cells
  3. More access fat left over in our body which can lead to fatty liver disease.
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15
Q

What was the major conclusion of each video perspectives of sugar?

A
  1. HFCS is bad and you should stop using it immediately.
  2. All sugar is the same and its not bad for you
  3. All sugar is the same but high fructose corn syrup is used more often which is causing the problems.
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16
Q

What is leptin?

A

Leptin is the hormone that tells your brain to stop eating or that you’re full.

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17
Q

What is leptin resistance?

A

It’s a desensitizing of a hormone that can lead to obesity.

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18
Q

What were the final conclusions from the discussion of HFCS?

A
  1. most abundant sugar , 150 lbs per person per year, 20+ teaspoons of sugar a day
  2. its a toxin especially at the rate we eat it at, high fructose has more than 50% fatty and leads to diabetes, cancers, dementia, fatty liver disease
  3. chemical contaminants used in manufacturing, chloralcali, contains mercury
    4.have weird contaminants we don’t even know
    5.big red flag for poor quality food if you see it in the label but it back on the shelf
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19
Q

What 2 factors related to food manufacturers have contributed to childhood/adult obesity?

A
  1. low fat labels on food but the sugar increases
    2.there a lot more sugar in food in general
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20
Q

What is the unifying feature of lipids?

A

They are hydrophobic

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21
Q

What are the 3 major groups of lipids

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Fats
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22
Q

What are several ways that fatty acids differ from each other?

A

length and number of double bonds (structure and function)

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23
Q

Characteristics of Saturated fats

A

They are straight bonds like the straight straw, they can stack on top of each other and are solid at room temperature.

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24
Q

Examples of Saturated fats

A
  1. Butter
  2. Lard
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25
Q

Characteristics of Unsaturated fats

A

They are bendy bonds, have double bonds (kink in the tails), and are like the bent straw and can’t stack on top of each other. They are liquid at room temperature.

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26
Q

Examples of Unsaturated fats

A
  1. Sunflower oil
  2. Olive Oil
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27
Q

What environmental issue is connected with palm oil?

A

Deforestation which is leading to extinction of many animals that are being displaced.

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28
Q

How are trans fats created?

A

Created as side- effect in hydrogenation process

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29
Q

Do transfats have kinks?

A

No

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30
Q

If your food label has trans fats what does the product have in it?

A

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils

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31
Q

What straw would you draw for trans fats?

A

Straight Straw

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32
Q

What are the 3 main functions of fats?

A
  1. Insulation
  2. Protect vital organs
  3. Long term storage
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33
Q

What makes up a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol +1 phosphate

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34
Q

What part of phospholipids are Hydrophilic?

A

Head

35
Q

What part of phospholipids are Hydrophobic?

A

Tails

36
Q

What biologically important structure is made of phospholipids?

A

Cell membranes are made of phospholipids

37
Q

What do phospholipids form in our cells?

A

Our semipermeable membrane

38
Q

What is a steroids structure?

A

4 fused C rings

39
Q

How does the structure of a steroid differ as compared to the other two types of lipids?

A

Steroids have 4 fused C rings, while fats and phospholipids do not.

40
Q

What category of lipids does cholesterol fall into?

A

Steroids

41
Q

What does cholesterol affect?

A

Hormones

42
Q

2 functions of cholesterol

A
  1. Cholesterol stabilizes temperatures in the cell membrane in order to maintain its semi-
    permeable structure.
  2. it serves as a building block for other important steroids like sex
    hormones, such as estradiol and testosterone.
43
Q

Structural component of plant cells that is not digestible in humans

A

Cellulose

44
Q

Building a polymer from monomers, during which water is released

A

Dehydration reaction

45
Q

A group of identical or similar monomers linked together.

A

Polysaccharides

46
Q

The breakdown of a molecule that includes the use of water.

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

Enzyme absent in lactose intolerant individuals.

A

Lactase

48
Q

Structural component of plant cells that is not digestible in humans.

A

Cellulose

49
Q

Specific monomer of polysaccharides.

A

Glucose

50
Q

The major form of glucose storage in plants that can also be digested by animals.

A

Starch

51
Q

The major form of glucose storage in plants that can also be digested by animals.

A

Monosaccharides

52
Q

Considered to be a form of short term energy storage – made of glucose.

A

Glycogen

53
Q

Most basic building block of an organic molecule

A

Monomer

54
Q

CgH12O6

A

Glucose

55
Q

Enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

A

Lactase

56
Q

Lactose is an example of what kind of saccharide?

A

Disaccharide

57
Q

Table Sugar is what?

A

Sucrose

58
Q

Polysaccharide found in crustaceans that is a structure?

A

Chitin

59
Q

Kind of sugar that can only be processed by the liver?

A

Fructose

60
Q

Polysaccharide for plants that stores energy?

A

Starch

61
Q

Polysaccharide that provides structure for plants?

A

Cellulose

62
Q

Molecule lost during a dehydration reaction?

A

Water

63
Q

The process in which water is formed and molecule is broken.

A

Hydrolisis

64
Q

Products or pills that with helpful bacteria to aid your digestive system is called what?

A

Probiotics

65
Q

Many branched polysaccharide that stores energy in animals and some bacteria?

A

Glycogen

66
Q

Why are phospholipids important?

A

We need waste to exit our cells and oxygen to enter it.

67
Q

Phospholipids make up our _______?

A

Cell membrane

68
Q

What is a polymer of a protein?

A

polypeptide

69
Q

What is a monomer of a protein?

A

Nucleic Acid

70
Q

How many amino acids are there in our body?

A

20

71
Q

How many proteins can the 20 amino acids make?

A

1000s of them

72
Q

Amino acids are grouped together via what kind of reactions to form poly peptides
a. hydrolisis
b. dehydration

A

B. dehydration

73
Q

Primary structure of amino acids cause what?

A

Function

74
Q

What dictates aa sequence of hemoglobin?
a. RNA
b.DNA

A

DNA

75
Q

Shape change in hemoglobin causes what?

A

Sickle cell anemia

76
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

found in our red blood cells and transports oxygen

77
Q

First sequence of amino acids are described as what?

A

beads on a chain

78
Q

Second sequence of amino acid shape is due to what?

A

Back bone interactions

79
Q

Backbone interactions include what kind of bonds that affect their shape?

A

Hydrogen bonds

80
Q

What are the two types of secondary structure?

A

Alpha Helix (spiral)
Beta Pleated sheets (accordion)

81
Q

What structure gives polypeptides shape? Due to what?

A

3rd degree
R-group interactions

82
Q

Whats the shape of tertiary structure? And its impacted by what?

A

Alpha Helix and or Beta Pleated Sheets depending on how close or far they are from each other

83
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

2 or more polypeptide chain that give protein its shape.

84
Q

What are the two shapes for quaternary structure?

A

Fibrous (cologne in your skin, stronger, structure support)

Globular(hemoglobin, sensitive to temp, transport)

Biology (8 decks)

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