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Biology > Biology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To release stored E from food in. presence of oxygen
Release energy (ATP). from food source(glucose)

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2
Q

Is cellular respiration a exergonic or endogenic reaction?

A

Exergonic

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3
Q

Who has cellular respiration?

A

Eukaryotes and many prokaryotes

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4
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

In the cytoplasm and mitochondria

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5
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation: ETC+ and Chemiosmosis
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6
Q

Where do the three stages of cellular respiration occur?

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Matrix
  3. Matrix, inner membrane, inter membrane space
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7
Q

Inputs of glycolysis

A

6C molecule or other fuel

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8
Q

Outputs of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

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9
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is turned into. what?

A

Pyruvate and NADH

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10
Q

Is oxygen required in glycolysis?

A

No

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11
Q

In glycolysis each step is _____ catalyzed

A

Enzyme

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12
Q

How are things phosphorylated?

A

Through ATP

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13
Q

In glycolysis step 1, 6C is phosphorylated to what?

A

6C-P

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14
Q

In step 2 of glycolysis what happens?

A

6C-P is phosphorylated again into
P-6C-P

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15
Q

What happens in step 3 of glycolysis?

A

P-6C-P is split in half to form
3C-P
3C-P

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16
Q

What is step 4 of glycolysis?

A

(F)ORP

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17
Q

What does O stand for in (F)ORP

A

Oxidated

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18
Q

What happens in O for FORP?

A

They’re oxidized and 3C-P’s electrons are removed and then are transferred to NAD+

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19
Q

In oxidation when the electrons are removed who receives them

A

NADH

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20
Q

What does R in FORP stand for?

A

Reduced

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21
Q

What is reduced in FORP?
and what is it reduced to?
and how many times?

A

NAD+
NADH
2 times

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22
Q

What does P stand for in FORP?

A

Phosphorylated

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23
Q

How is 3C-P phosphorylated?

A

E released from exergonic oxidation allows phosphorylation via P: now high PE

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24
Q

3C-P, 3C-P is phosphorylated to what?

A

P-3C-P
P-3C-P

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25
Q

In step 5A of glycolysis what happens?

A

1 P is removed from each molecule

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26
Q

The 2P’s removed from each molecule are transferred to ____ to make _____

A

ADP. to make ATP

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27
Q

What happens in step 5B

A

the same thing as in step 5
1P from each molecule is removed and transferred to ADP to make ATP

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28
Q

Draw out what steps 5A and 5B would look like

A

P-3C-P——->P——ADP——->ATP
P-3C-P——-> P—–ADP——->ATP

ATP<——ADP<—-P—-<—P-3C-P
ATP<——ADP<—-P—-<—P-3C-P

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29
Q

What is the net ATP made in glycolysis? Why

A

2 because 2 ATP where invested in the process

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30
Q

How many ATP were made in the process of glycolysis?

A

4

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31
Q

Glucose is ______ into______

A

Oxidized into Pyruvate

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32
Q

Glycolysis means

A

split sugar

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33
Q

Glucose + Oxygen =

A

Carbon dioxide + water + energy ATP

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34
Q

Does pyruvate oxidation require oxygen?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Does pyruvate oxidation produce ATP?

A

No

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36
Q

What enters pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 Pyruvate

37
Q

What exits pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 Acetylcholine and NADH, CO2

38
Q

What’s the goal of pyruvate oxidation?

A

To make the molecules more reactive, electron carriers

39
Q

What are the steps for pyruvate oxidation?

A

RORA

40
Q

What does the first R stand for in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Release

41
Q

What is released in pyruvate oxidation?

A

CO2 is released from the pyruvate
3C 3C into 2C 2C

42
Q

What is O in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Oxidized

43
Q

What is oxidized in pyruvate oxidation?

A

2C 2C fragments

44
Q

What does it mean when the 2C fragments are oxidized?

A

electrons are removed

45
Q

What does the second R in pyruvate oxidation stand for?

A

Reduced

46
Q

What is reduced in pyruvate oxidation?

A

NAD+ to NADH

47
Q

What does A stand for in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Add

48
Q

When something is reduced, what happens?

A

gains something like an electron

49
Q

What is added and what is it added to in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Co enzyme A is added to the 2C molecules

50
Q

What happens when Co enzyme A is added to the 2C molecules?

A

2C–>Acetyl CoA
2C–>Acetyl CoA

51
Q

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle happen?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

52
Q

What enters Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA

53
Q

What exits the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

NADH
FADH2
ATP
CO2

54
Q

What the goal of Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Create some ATP and many E- Carriers

55
Q

What are the two groups for Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A
  1. ETC
  2. Chemiosmosis
56
Q

What are the two types of electron carriers?

A

NADH
FADH2

57
Q

Where do the electron carriers drop off electrons?

A

At the protein complexes

58
Q

What powers the protein complexes?

A

E- traveling through them

59
Q

What are NADH+FADH2?

A

Electrons Carriers

60
Q

What do the protein complexes pump?

A

H+ ions

61
Q

Where are electron complexes made?

A

In the citric acid cycle

62
Q

Where do NADH+FADH2 bring electrons?

A

To the Oxidative Phosphorylation
more specifically to the protein complexes

63
Q

Where is ETC located?

A

Inner membrane of the Mitochondria

64
Q

How many steps are in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

4

65
Q

What are the 4 steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

MOVE
PUMP
DIFFUSE
MAKE

66
Q

Explain the move step of OP

A

E- move down protein complexes in ETC

67
Q

What is the move analogy?

A

Kid on bike
Kid(e-) bike(electron carriers) slide(ETC) parent(oxygen waiting for the kid with water)

68
Q

1st path for e-

A

NADH
1-3-4

69
Q

2nd path for e-

A

FADH2
2-3-4

70
Q

What happens when e- reach the end of the ETC?

A

E- are attracted to O and when they bond they form water

71
Q

What receives power from the e- to pump? And what does it pump?

A

Protein complexes
H+ ions

72
Q

Do they pump up or down?

A

UP

73
Q

Where are h+ and where do they get pumped to?

A

Matrix
Inter membrane space

74
Q

What diffuses in the diffuse phase?

A

H+ ions

75
Q

Do H+ diffuse up or down?

A

Down

76
Q

Where do H+ diffuse through? And where do they begin at the start and where do they end up?

A

Diffuse through ATP synthase
Start in inter membrane space
End in the matrix

77
Q

What is MADE?

A

ATP is made through ADP and ATP synthase

78
Q

What is crucial for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen

79
Q

Why is O crucial for oxidative phosphorylation?

A

It draws the e- down towards it and is the final ei acceptor

80
Q

What are the _____in the activity?
-note cards
-ping pong balls
-students
-stars
-cilinder

A

-E- from NADH and FADH2
-H+ ions
-Protein Complexes
-ATP
-ATP synthase

81
Q

What is the ETC?

A

A group of membrane proteins

82
Q

The place in the mitochondria that has the most ions?

A

Inter membrane space

83
Q

Where is the ATP synthase?

A

On the inner membrane

84
Q

What moves down the ETC?

A

E-

85
Q

E- represents a source of?

A

PE

86
Q

By H+ ions being pumped up what is being established?

A

maintaining the concentration gradient

87
Q

What is made after e- leave ETC’s 4th complex?

A

H2O, CO2, and H+

88
Q

Why do H+ diffuse?

A

Because of the concentration gradient

89
Q

In cellular respiration you ______ and _______ to supply ________ of CR to your cells

  • react, eat, breathe
    -eat, react, breathe
    -breathe, eat, reactants
A

breathe eat reactants

Biology (8 decks)

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