Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 3

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

the process of moving food into the alimentary canal

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

the process of breaking food down into useable substances

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

the process of moving usable substances into the cells and tissues of the body

Question 4

Elimination

Answer 4

the process of moving undigested materials out of the alimentary canal

Question 5

Gastric Juice

Answer 5

an acidic mixture of enzymes found in the stomach of many animals

Question 6

Chyme

Answer 6

a mixture of gastric juice and ingested food that travels out of the stomach

Question 7

Filtrate

Answer 7

a concentrated waste fluid

Question 8

Apoplastic movement

Answer 8

occurs as flow through the intercellular spaces between walls, including dead cells (outside the cell membrane)

Question 9

Symplastic movement

Answer 9

occurs as flow through the cytosol of adjacent cells, connected by plasmodesmata

Question 10

Transmembrane movement

Answer 10

occurs as flow across the cell membrane, controlled by cellular membrane transport mechanisms

Question 11

Transpiration

Answer 11

describes the bulk flow from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential

Question 12

Cohesion-tension hypothesis

Answer 12

states that cohesion between water molecules connects a continuous column of water from the soil to the atmosphere

Question 13

casparian strip

Question 14

Translocation

Answer 14

describes bulk flow from regions of high sucrose concentration (sugar sources) to regions of low sucrose concentration

Question 15

Passive diffusion

Answer 15

describes movement of solute molecules from reigons of high concentration to lower concentration

Question 16

Respiratory pigments

Answer 16

use a metal ion contained in a protein structure to bind oxygen or carbon dioxide for transport within the body

Question 17

Open circulatory system

Answer 17

bathes interior tissues of the body in a circulatory fluid

Question 18

Closed circulatory system

Answer 18

directs circulatory fluid
to tissues via vessels (arteries and veins)

Question 19

Hearts

Answer 19

muscular pump, that pushes blood through the arteries under pressure

Question 20

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 20

a series of vessels that bring oxygen-poor blood to the capillaries in the lungs then return oxygen-rich blood back to the heart (left atrium)

Question 21

Systematic circut

Answer 21

a series of vessels that bring oxygen rich blood to the capillaries is in tissues, then return oxygen poor blood back to the heart (right atrium)

Question 22

Myoglobin

Answer 22

protein that stores oxygen in muscles tissues

Question 23

Tropic responses

Answer 23

change the pattern of cell division within the plant which changes the growth pattern of the organism

Question 24

Cytochromes

Answer 24

blue light photoreceptors, are flavoproteins which can absorb protons and become photexcited leading to conformational changes

Question 25

Phytochromes

Answer 25

red light photoreceptors, are proteins which convert back and forth between two conformations (Pr and Pfr)

Question 26

Photoperiodism

Answer 26

a physiological response to specific day or night lengths

Question 27

Short-day plants

Answer 27

require a dark period longer than a critical length to flower
ie: fall, smaller winter plants

Question 28

Long-day plants

Answer 28

require a night period shower than a critical length to flower
ie: trees, spring

Question 29

Statoliths

Answer 29

dense specialized plastids containing starch grains that settle to the bottom of a cell

Question 30

Thigmomorphogenesis

Answer 30

mechanical stimulation throughout a plants shoots can cause stunted growth patterns

Question 31

Auxin

Answer 31

describes any chemical that promotes elongation of the shoots in a plant

Question 32

Cytokinins

Answer 32

describe a variety of chemical that have diverse growth effects on plants

Question 33

Gibberellins

Answer 33

describe a variety of chemicals that have diverse growth effects on plants

Question 34

Abscisic acid

Answer 34

Chemical that antagonized the actions of growth hormones

Question 35

Ethylene

Answer 35

a chemical that has diverse region-specific effects on plants

Question 36

Neuron

Answer 36

fundamental unit of the nervous system

Question 37

Dendrites

Answer 37

finger-like projections that receive signals

Question 38

Synapse

Answer 38

a gap between a neuron and its receiver cell

Question 39

Neurotransmitters

Answer 39

Chemical signals released into the synapse

Question 40

Interneurons

Answer 40

form local circuits connecting neurons in brain and are responsible for integration of sensory input

Question 41

Sensory neurons

Answer 41

transmit signals about external stimuli

Question 42

Motor neurons

Answer 42

transmit signals to muscle cells causing them to contract or transmit signals to endocrine glands stimulating hormone release (neuroendocrine pathways)

Question 43

What is the order that neurons are triggered and activated

Answer 43

Sensory neurons—> interneurons—->
motor neurons

Question 44

Resting potential

Answer 44

the ion gradient results in an electrical potential across the membrane

Question 45

Depolarization-stimulus

Answer 45

tiggers the opening of sodium channels that change the membrane potential

Question 46

Action potential

Answer 46

if depolarization causes a membrane potential to increase past a threshold share to be generated
(a massive increase in electrical potential)