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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 4 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Relies on recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns by toll like receptors.

A

PAMP-triggered immunity

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2
Q

Disease resistance proteins

A

R proteins

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3
Q

Immune cells that recognize common pathogenic proteins and bind to these cells.

A

Toll-like receptors

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4
Q

Acellular proteins that bind the surface of pathogen cells in body fluids impending infection (neutralization) and creating aggregate formations.

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

Introduce antigens to a host to provoke a primary immune response, leading immunological memory which can quickly activate in case of reinforcement by the same pathogen.

A

Vaccines

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6
Q

Sequence of stages that an organism undergoes from one generation to the next generation for reproduction.

A

Life cycle

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7
Q

A mature haploid male or female germ cells which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

A

Gametes

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8
Q

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes. Or a fertilized egg cell that contains the genetic information of a new individual organism.

A

Zygote

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9
Q

The growth and development to form a mature organism.

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

The process of forming haploid gametes.

A

Meiosis

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11
Q

Where DNA is packaged?

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

Are Mitosis and Meiosis haploids or diploids?

A

Mitosis- Diploid
Meiosis- Haploid

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13
Q

Sexually reproducing species have a typical number of chromosomes that occur as pairs.

A

Homologous pairs

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14
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do the haploid and diploid stages have.

A

Haploid - one set
Diploid - two sets

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15
Q

Gametes where haploid formed (2n—>n)

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

Retains the number of chromosomes during growth (2n—>2n)

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Multicellular haploid and diploid stages alternate from generation to generation.

A

Alternation of generations

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18
Q

Multicellular diploid stage that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

A

Sporophyte

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19
Q

Spores divide by mitosis and a haploid multicellular organism.

A

Gametophyte

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20
Q

Either haploid or diploid cells can divide by _______ but only a diploid cell can undergo _______ to from ______ cells.

A

Mitosis
Meiosis
Haploid

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21
Q

Where the cytoplasms of tow parent mycelia fuse.

A

Plasmogamy

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22
Q

Where the haploid nuclei of two parents fuse to. produce diploid cells

A

Karyogamy

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23
Q

Similarities in the life cycle of fungi and slime molds.

A

Convergent evolution

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24
Q

Single individual passes copies of all its genes to its offspring as the sole parent.

A

Asexual reproduction

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25
Q

Produces offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from biological parents.

A

Sexual reproduction

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26
Q

One chromosome duplication, followed by two rounds of cell division, resulting in cells with half the number of chromosomes.

A

Meiosis

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27
Q

One chromosome duplication followed by one cell division, resulting in cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.

A

Mitosis

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28
Q

Offspring arise from mature fragments of the parent plant.

A

Vegetative reproductions

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29
Q

Vegetative buds or other parts of a plant can detach and develop into new offspring.

A

Fragmentation

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30
Q

Some plants can produce mature seed without pollination or fertilization. The embryo develops from a diploid cell in the ovule.

A

Apomix

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31
Q

New individuals are formed as outgrowths of an existing individual.

A

Budding

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32
Q

A parent splits and separates into two individuals of about equal size.

A

Fission

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33
Q

Breaking apart of the body into several pieces that develop into new organisms through regeneration.

A

Fragmentation

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34
Q

Regrowth of missing body parts.

A

Regeneration

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35
Q

Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.

A

Parthenogenesis

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36
Q

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

There is no genetic variation produced.

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37
Q

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

It generates variation in offspring and populations.

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37
Q

A form of sexual reproduction in which all gametes are the same size.

A

Isogamy

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38
Q

A form of sexual reproduction in which gametes have different sizes.

A

Anisogamy

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39
Q

Plant species have separate individuals with male or female parts.

A

Dioecious “two houses”

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40
Q

A sexual reproductive system where each individual is either male or female.

A

Gonochorism

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40
Q

An adaptation in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems symotaneously or sequentially.

A

Hermanaphroditism

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41
Q

Have both male and female parts on the same individual plant.

A

Monoecious “one house”

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42
Q

Females release eggs into the environment and males fertilize them outside.

A

External fertilization

43
Q

Have evolved structures or behaviors that lead to sperm deposition in or near the female reproductive tract.

A

Internal fertilization

44
Q

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area with the potential of interacting.

A

Population

45
Q

Describes fluctuations in population size over time or across space.

A

Population dynamics

46
Q

The movement of individuals (gametes) from their place of origin.

A

Dispersal

47
Q

Factors such as temperature, water, sunlight, oxygen, salinity, or soil/substrate type can limit distributions.

A

Abiotic (non-living)

48
Q

Factors may limit distributions via predation, herbivory, competition, parasitism, lack of pollinators or food.

A

Biotic (living)

49
Q

The number of individuals per unit area or volume.

A

Density

50
Q

The pattern of spacing among individuals within a given area. Same patterns might be explained by different processes.

A

Dispersion

51
Q

Defense of an area against other individuals.

A

Territorial

52
Q

Can ensure that if one population goes extinct, that match of habitat can be recolonized.

A

Metapopulation

53
Q

When a population can increase in size by a constant proportion at each instant in time resulting in the growth.

A

Exponential population growth

54
Q

Equals the current population size (n) multiplied by a constant (r).

A

Intrinsic rate of increase

55
Q

The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

A

Carrying capacity

56
Q

The per capita rate of growth approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity.

A

Logistic population growth model

57
Q

The study of key population characteristics such as births, deaths, and migration rises and how they change over time- influencing population growth.

A

Demography

58
Q

Summarizes the survival and reproductive rates of individuals in specific age groups in which demographic info for a population is studied.

A

Life tables

59
Q

A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until death.

A

Cohort

60
Q

Plots the number of individuals in a cohort that survive at each age.

A

Survivorship curve

61
Q

Mitotic division occurs here in order to lengthen roots and shoots. Primary growth of plants.

A

Apical meristem

62
Q

Secondary growth of plants, increase in circumference, occurs here.

A

The cylindrical lateral meristems

63
Q

Produces additional layers of secondary xylem and phloem cells.

A

Vascular cambium

64
Q

Produces layers of cork cells on the lateral side of the meristem.

A

Cork cambium

65
Q

Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes cell elongation, control of apical dominance, cell division, and preventing leaf abscission.

A

Auxin

66
Q

Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes axillary bud growth and control of apical dominance.

A

Cytokinins

67
Q

Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination.

A

Gibberellins

68
Q

Plant growth regulator (hormone) that slows growth and seed dormancy.

A

Abscisic Acid

69
Q

Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes fruit ripening, leaf abscission (shedding), senescence, and growth around obstacles.

A

Ethylene

70
Q

The female gametophyte that develops in each ovule and consists of an egg and other cells.

A

Embryo sac

71
Q

The male gametophyte develops here. and consists of cells that will gibers to two sperm and a pollen tube.

A

Pollen grain

72
Q

Food supply in plants that is a product of fertilization.

A

Endosperm

73
Q

One of the two major groups of angiosperms that has a single cotyledon or seed leaf.

A

Monocots

74
Q

One of the two major groups of angiosperms that has two cotyledon or seed leaves.

A

Eudicots

75
Q

Forms a zygote.

A

Fertilization

76
Q

A series of mitotic divisions resulting in a hollow ball of cells.

A

Cleavage

77
Q

A hallow ball of cells.

A

Blastula

78
Q

Leads to development of an embryo with tissue layers.

A

Gastrulation

79
Q

An embryo with tissue layers.

A

Gastrula

80
Q

Produces the rudimentary organs that will further develop into adult organs.

A

Organogenesis

81
Q

Organs in animals that stop growing once they reach a certain size.

A

Determinate growth

82
Q

A series of mitotic divisions without cell growth produces. a hollow ball of cells, thee _______, that surrounds a fluid-filled cavity, the ______.

A

Blastula
Blastocoel

83
Q

The series of changes that shape the animal body.

A

Morphogenesis

84
Q

Cells rearrange in three-dimensional space and an embryo with multiple cell layers forms. The first opening is the ______.

A

Blastopore

85
Q

Gastrulation forms two germ layer, ectoderm and endoderm, in here.

A

Diploblasts

86
Q

Form three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

A

Triploblasts

87
Q

The mouth forms from the blastopore in ______(first mouth) and from the second embryonic opening in _________ (second mouth).

A

Protostomes
Deuterostomes

88
Q

Rei

A
89
Q

Germs of the embryonic germ layers develop into rudimentary body organs during _______.

A

Organogenesis

90
Q

Cells. of each of the germ layers undergo _______- they specialize in structure and function based on a determined fate.

A

Differentiation

91
Q

When animals undergo substantial change in form or structure after hatching or birth.

A

Metamorphosis

92
Q

An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events.

A

Heterochrony

93
Q

When the timing of reproductive development is faster than development of non-reproductive eggs, heterochrony can lead to _________.

A

Paedomorphosis

94
Q

Master regulatory genes that determine the spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi.

A

Homeotic genes

95
Q

Provide information about spatial organization in developing animal embryos.

A

Hox genes

96
Q

Some organisms develop body plans with serial repetition of body parts.

A

Metamerism

97
Q

A body condition in which meters are grouped together for specific functions.

A

Tagmatization

98
Q

Causes malformations in organisms.

A

Parasite

99
Q

At each increasing level of the hierarchy, new interactions and features of complex systems become apparent that were absent from the previous level.

A

Emergent Properties

100
Q

Levels of Biological Organization big scale:

A

Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere

101
Q

Levels of Biological Organization small scale:

A

Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs

102
Q

Research that focuses on how an organism survives challenges in its environment based on its anatomy physiology and behavior.

A

Organismal Ecology

103
Q

Studies the factors that influence population. size and how or why it changes over time.

A

Population ecology

104
Q

Studies how interactions between different species affect their distribution and abundance.

A

Community ecology

105
Q

Studies energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and their environment

A

Ecosystem ecology

106
Q

Includes all organisms living in an area and the non-living factors with which they interact.

A

Ecosystem

107
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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