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Biology > Biology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What structures do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

A

Cell membrane + Ribosomes(they make proteins) + chromosomes (DNA)

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2
Q

Chromosomes are what?

A

DNA

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3
Q

Ribosomes make what?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

What’s a nucleoid?

A

Holds genetic material in prokaryotic cells.

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5
Q

Which cells have a nucleoid?

A

Procaryote

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6
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have instead of a nucleoid?

A

A nucleus

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7
Q

Why do antibiotics target prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell walls and ribosomes

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8
Q

What are 2 specific structures that are different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Because prokaryotic cells have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and eukaryotic cells do not.
  2. prokaryotic cells which are bacterial cells have smaller and denser ribosomes.
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9
Q

Describe the blood glucose level of someone with diabetes vs a person who does not have diabetes.

A

A person with diabetes will have a lot more glycogen in their blood because their body either can’t produce insulin or their insulin receptors don’t work.

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10
Q

What type of diabetes causes is it when someones body can’t produce insulin?

A

Type 1

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11
Q

What type of diabetes is a result of the insulin’s receptors inability to work?

A

Type 2

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12
Q

What causes Gestational Diabetes?

A

Pregnancy

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13
Q

Describe the path of sugar consumption in 5 steps.

A
  1. you eat
  2. your glucose levels in your blood rise
  3. insulin is released by your pancreatic beta cells
  4. your cells uptake sugar
  5. because of the uptake in sugar the level of glucose in your blood drops to the normal level
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14
Q

What are 2 different ways your cells use the sugar?

A
  1. your body takes up the sugar to use for energy
  2. your liver stores glucose as glycogen
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15
Q

What cells/organ most contribute to type 1 diabetes? And why?

A

Pancreatic beta cells/pancreas

Because your pancreas produces insulin and in type 1 diabetes you cannot produce insulin.

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16
Q

What cells are most affected by type 2 diabetes?

A

Body Cells

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17
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 is usually developed somewhere between the ages of 1-20 (early on set) and is mostly genetic but can be environmental although those environmental reasons are unclear. It means that your body doesn’t make insulin so the treatment is insulin shots.
Type 2 is usually caused by obesity although it can be linked to genetics. It happens when your insulin receptors shut off. It is treated by lowering carb intake and fixing your diet

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18
Q

Houses most of you cells DNA which provides instructions for protein synthesis that helps regulate cell activities.

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

free or attached to ER/ nuclear envelope; sites of protein synthesis; made of ribosomesRNA(rRNA) + proteins

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

rough because there are lots of ribosomes which means that it produces proteins (protein synthesis); membrane synthesis includes protein and phospholipids

A

Rough ER

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21
Q

Transport products from Er to Golgi apparatus and then from the Golgi apparatus to the cytosol or to the cell membrane.

A

Vesicles

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22
Q

Modifies products of ER by adding enzymes

A

Golgi apparatus

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23
Q

surrounds cells; regulates traffic in/out of cell; made of proteins and phospholipids

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

Nucleus is where in the process of insulin?

A

Pre-proinsulin

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25
Q

Where is insulin at the ribosome step of the process?

A

Pre-proinsulin

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26
Q

Where is insulin at the rough ER step of the process?

A

Proinsulin

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27
Q

Where is insulin at the Vesicles step of the process?
2 ans

A
  1. From ER to Golgi apparatus its proinsulin from Golgi apparatus to cell membrane its proinsulin + enzymes
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28
Q

Which type of diabetes is more common? And why?

A

Type 2 because of unhealthiness

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29
Q

2 tests for diabetes

A

Oral glucose test
A1C test

30
Q

Test that you take to see if you have diabetes by drinking a really sugary drink.

A

Oral glucose test

31
Q

How does the oral glucose test determine if you are diabetic.

A

After 2 hours, if your blood sugar levels haven’t returned to a normal level, it indicates that you are diabetic.

32
Q

Test that you take to see if you have diabetes by measuring the percent of hemoglobin that is coated in sugar.

A

A1C test

33
Q

Treatments for diabetes type 1?

A

Insulin shots

34
Q

Treatments for type 2 diabetes?

A

Exercise and a healthy diet. Sometimes medicine and insulin therapy.

35
Q

What is the cell membrane made out of?

A

Phospholipids and Proteins

36
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

-Phospholipid heads are hydrophilic and are faced outward and the hydrophobic tails are faced inward creating a hydrophobic interior.
-The double bonds in the phospholipid FA chains help maintain an olive oil
like structure of the membrane (prevent packing together like solids).

37
Q

Why are cell membranes fluid like?

A

The plasma membrane contains cholesterol (a steroid), that helps in maintaining its fluidity during temperature
changes.

38
Q

Where is cholesterol located in the cells?

A

In between phospholipids.

39
Q

How does cholesterol affect cell membranes?

A

It stabilizes the cell membrane by maintaining the temp/keeps them from moving too fast when hot, lowers temperature because its in between the phospholipids

40
Q

2 main functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Transport
41
Q

Are platelets a transport or receptor protein? Why?

A

Receptor, because they respond/react

42
Q

Describe how platelets do their job.

A

They receive clotting signals and change shape and block up site of a cut to prevent more bleeding.

43
Q

How do membranes demonstrate select permeability?

A

Small non polar molecules are able to go across cell membrane, easily diffuse. Larger molecules aren’t able to cross without the help of a protein.

44
Q

What cell membranes are able to simply diffuse across the cell membrane? What is an example of this?

A

CO2 and O

Breathing

45
Q

What type/types of transport requires proteins?

A

Facilitated diffusion and Active transport.

46
Q

Which type/types of proteins require energy?

A

Active Transport

47
Q

What goes across the membrane in diffusion?

A

Small molecules like CO2 and O

48
Q

What is the protein in facilitated diffusion compared to? What goes across the membrane in facilitated diffusion?

A

Hallway or corridor

Aquaphorin and glucose transport protein

49
Q

What’s an example of active transport?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

50
Q

Does diffusion move up or down the concentration grade?

A

Down

51
Q

Does facilitated diffusion move up or down the concentration grade?

A

Down

52
Q

Does active transport move up or down the concentration grade?

A

Up

53
Q

When bonds are broken, is energy required or released? Why?

A

Energy is required because PE is decreasing

54
Q

When bonds form, is energy required or released?

A

Energy is released

55
Q

T or F
Bonds are more stable when there’s higher PE

A

False

56
Q

PE is associated with instability based off of _____ and _____.

A

Structure and Location

57
Q

What is an exergonic chemical reaction?

A

Exterior and energy goes outside

58
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

Interior and energy gets brought in

59
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Exergonic Reaction

60
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

When energy from an exergonic reaction is used to power an endergonic reaction

61
Q

Small molecules (O2, CO2) are able to move through the membrane with no assistance, down their concentration gradient.

A

Diffusion

62
Q

The environment in the middle of the plasma membrane (within the lipid bilayer) is __________________; therefore, only small, non-polar molecules, or molecules without charge can diffuse through.

A

Hydrophobic

63
Q

A specific transport protein that aids in the transport of water through the cell membrane.

A

Aquaphorin

64
Q

Proteins that assist in the movement of molecules, but don’t require cellular energy allow ________________________.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

65
Q

A channel protein provides a ____________ corridor for polar or charged molecules to travel through the cell membrane.

A

Hydrophilic

66
Q

Transport that requires energy to move against a concentration

A

Active Transport

67
Q

_________________ transports glucose into the cell via the process of _____________.

A

Glucose transport protein, facilitated diffusion

68
Q

Energy is required to synthesize polysaccharides or proteins.

A

Endergonic reaction

69
Q

Energy is released when molecules are hydrolyzed (e.g. carbs, lipids, etc.)

A

Exergonic reaction

70
Q

A source of energy for endergonic reactions and an unstable molecule.

A

ATP

71
Q

An unstable object or molecule will have _____ potential energy

A

high

72
Q

Energy is __________ to break bonds, but __________ when bonds are broken.

A

required

released

Biology (9 decks)

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