Biology Exam 3 Flashcards
What structures do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?
Cell membrane + Ribosomes(they make proteins) + chromosomes (DNA)
Chromosomes are what?
DNA
Ribosomes make what?
Proteins
What’s a nucleoid?
Holds genetic material in prokaryotic cells.
Which cells have a nucleoid?
Procaryote
What do eukaryotic cells have instead of a nucleoid?
A nucleus
Why do antibiotics target prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells?
Cell walls and ribosomes
What are 2 specific structures that are different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- Because prokaryotic cells have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and eukaryotic cells do not.
- prokaryotic cells which are bacterial cells have smaller and denser ribosomes.
Describe the blood glucose level of someone with diabetes vs a person who does not have diabetes.
A person with diabetes will have a lot more glycogen in their blood because their body either can’t produce insulin or their insulin receptors don’t work.
What type of diabetes causes is it when someones body can’t produce insulin?
Type 1
What type of diabetes is a result of the insulin’s receptors inability to work?
Type 2
What causes Gestational Diabetes?
Pregnancy
Describe the path of sugar consumption in 5 steps.
- you eat
- your glucose levels in your blood rise
- insulin is released by your pancreatic beta cells
- your cells uptake sugar
- because of the uptake in sugar the level of glucose in your blood drops to the normal level
What are 2 different ways your cells use the sugar?
- your body takes up the sugar to use for energy
- your liver stores glucose as glycogen
What cells/organ most contribute to type 1 diabetes? And why?
Pancreatic beta cells/pancreas
Because your pancreas produces insulin and in type 1 diabetes you cannot produce insulin.
What cells are most affected by type 2 diabetes?
Body Cells
Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 is usually developed somewhere between the ages of 1-20 (early on set) and is mostly genetic but can be environmental although those environmental reasons are unclear. It means that your body doesn’t make insulin so the treatment is insulin shots.
Type 2 is usually caused by obesity although it can be linked to genetics. It happens when your insulin receptors shut off. It is treated by lowering carb intake and fixing your diet
Houses most of you cells DNA which provides instructions for protein synthesis that helps regulate cell activities.
Nucleus
free or attached to ER/ nuclear envelope; sites of protein synthesis; made of ribosomesRNA(rRNA) + proteins
Ribosomes
rough because there are lots of ribosomes which means that it produces proteins (protein synthesis); membrane synthesis includes protein and phospholipids
Rough ER
Transport products from Er to Golgi apparatus and then from the Golgi apparatus to the cytosol or to the cell membrane.
Vesicles
Modifies products of ER by adding enzymes
Golgi apparatus
surrounds cells; regulates traffic in/out of cell; made of proteins and phospholipids
Plasma membrane
Nucleus is where in the process of insulin?
Pre-proinsulin
Where is insulin at the ribosome step of the process?
Pre-proinsulin
Where is insulin at the rough ER step of the process?
Proinsulin
Where is insulin at the Vesicles step of the process?
2 ans
- From ER to Golgi apparatus its proinsulin from Golgi apparatus to cell membrane its proinsulin + enzymes
Which type of diabetes is more common? And why?
Type 2 because of unhealthiness