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BMS 191 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon facts

A

Valance of 4
Readily gain more valence electrons
Can form strong covalent bonds
Can form long chains, branched molecules and rings

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2
Q

Organic molecules and types

A 
Contain carbon
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides/nucleic acids
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3
Q

Carbohydrates Function

A

Source of chemical energy, energy released when carbohydrates are broken down is used to produce ATP

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4
Q

Categories of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccarides
Disaccarides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple carbohydrates that contain 3-7 carbon atoms

e.g glucose and fructose

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6
Q

Disaccarides

A

Molecules that are formed by joining two monosaccharides together e.g Sucrose from glucose and fructose

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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Molecules that are formed by joining together 10-100s of monosaccharides (usually insoluble in water)

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8
Q

Types of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen
Starches
Cellulose

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

Composed entirely of glucose molecules linked in a branching chain
Produced by liver when glucose is plentiful as energy store
Broken down when energy is needed

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10
Q

Starches

A

Produced by plants
Made of glucose molecules
Broken down by the body to release glucose

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11
Q

Cellulose

A

Produced by plants
Produced by joining glucose molecules together
can not be broken down by the digestive system

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12
Q

Lipids

A

Made of fatty acids and are insoluble in water

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13
Q

Fatty acids

A

Comprise of a chain of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl (acid) group on one end and methyl group on the other with hydrogens bonded along the sides

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14
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Carbons atoms that are saturated with hydrogen (no double or triple bonds)

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15
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Contains a double or triple carbon bonds

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16
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acids

A

One double covalent bond

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17
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

More than one double covalent bond

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18
Q

Triglycrides

A

Consists of three fatty acids (any combination) attached to a single glycerol molecule

19
Q

Fat

A

Triglyceride that is solid at room temperature
Mainly saturated fatty acids
(saturated fat)

20
Q

Oil

A

Triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature

Mainly unsaturated fatty acids

21
Q

Phospholipids

A

Contain a glycerol core with two fatty acids and modified phosphate group

22
Q

Steroids

A

Composed of 4 rings each made of carbon atoms

23
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid)
Hormone-like chemical signals between cells with important roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labour contractions and blood vessel diameter

24
Q

Fat soluble vitamines

A

A, D, E and K

25
Q

Function of proteins

A

Enzymes - catalase chemical reactions
Form machinery involved in muscle contractions
Form antibodies to detect invading microbes

26
Q

Amino acids

A

Simple compounds that make proteins. They contain an amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and side chain (changes type)

27
Q

Number of different amino acids

A

20

28
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond between two amino acids.

Formed between carboxyl group of one and nitrogen atom (amino group) of another.

29
Q

Dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined together

30
Q

Tripeptide

A

Three amino acids joined together

31
Q

Polypeptide

A

Tens to thousands of amino acids joined together

32
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Unique sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide

33
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

The repeated twists and folds that they polypeptide undergoes. Held together by hydrogen bonds

34
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A

3D shape that proteins form

35
Q

Quaternary structure of protein

A

The combination of different polypeptides to form a single functional protein

36
Q

Denaturation

A

Breaking down a proteins 3D shape which alters its ability to function

37
Q

What can denature an enzyme?

A

Changes in temp, pH

38
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Genetic material in cells e.g DNA and RNA

39
Q

Nucleotide and components

A

Basic structural unit of nucleic acids
Nitrogenous base
Sugar composed of 5 Carbons
Phosphate group

40
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

41
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Two stands of DNA interact to form a double helix

Nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand form Hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous bases

42
Q

RNA facts and types

A 
Uracil instead of thymine
Ribose sugar group
Messenager
Ribosomal
Transfer
43
Q

How energy is released in the body

A

Bond of second and third phosphate groups of ATP is broken energy is released
The molecule of ADP can be recharged by using food energy to reattach the third phosphate

BMS 191 (27 decks)

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