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BMS 191 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of occurrence, spread and control of disease

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2
Q

What do epidemiologists study?

A

The factors that determine the frequency, distribution and causes of human disease mainly concerned with determining ways to prevent, control and eradicate diseases in the population

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3
Q

Factors that determine the frequency, distribution and causes of human disease

A

Characteristics of the pathogen
Susceptibility of the population
Reservoirs of the pathogens
Means of transmission

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4
Q

Communicable disease

A

An infectious disease that can transmitted from one person to another

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5
Q

Contagious disease

A

An infectious disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another

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6
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

An infectious disease that humans can catch from animals

carriers include birds (bird flu), Rodents (the plaque), Mosquitoes (Malaria)

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7
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a particular disease within a certain population (suburb, town) during a specific period of time

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8
Q

Morbidity rate

A

The number of new cases of a disease over a defined period of time in a specifically defined number of individuals

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9
Q

Mortality rate

A

The ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease over a specified time period in a specific region

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10
Q

Sporadic Disease

A

A disease that occurs only occasionally within a population of a specific geographical area

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11
Q

Epidemic

A

A disease that is occurring in greater than usual numbers within a specific geographical region
Usually only lasts a short period of time

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12
Q

Endemic

A

A disease that is always present at some level within a population of a specific geographical area

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13
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries at the same time
Occasionally worldwide e.g Bubonic plague, Spanish influenza, AIDS

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14
Q

Chain of infection

A 
Infectious agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
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15
Q

Infectious agent

A

The pathogen that causes the disease

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16
Q

Reservoir

A

Places in the environment where the pathogen lives

Including people, animals, formites, soil and water

17
Q

Portal of exit

A

The way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir

Through open wounds. aerosols, splatter of body fluids (sneezing and coughing)

18
Q

Mode of transmission

A

The way the infectious agent can be passed on

Through direct or indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion

19
Q

Portal of entry

A

The way the infectious agent can enter a new host

Through broken skin, catheters, respiratory tract….

20
Q

Susceptible host

A

Can be any person

Vulnerability is increased in patients who are immunocompromised, receiving chemotherapy and have catheters

21
Q

Human Reservoirs - Carrier

A

A person infected with a particular pathogen, but where the pathogen is not currently causing disease in that person
Pathogen can be transmitted from the carrier to other individuals

22
Q

Human Reservoirs - Passive carrier

A

A person who carries a disease causing pathogen without having ever had the disease

23
Q

Human Reservoirs - Convalescent carrier

A

A person who can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease

24
Q

Human Reservoirs - Active carrier

A

A person who has completely recovered from a particular disease but still continues to harbour the disease causing pathogen indefinitely

25
Q

Participial modes of transmission of infectious diseases

A

Contact (direct or indirect)
Droplets
Airborne
Vehicular (contaminated inanimate objects)
Vectors (various biting or injecting animals)

26
Q

Common ways communicable diseases are transmitted

A 
Direct: 
skin-skin contact 
mucous membrane-mucous membrane contact 
Indirect:
Airborne droplets
Food or water contaminated with faecal material
Arthropod vectors
Contaminated fomites
Contaminated blood or blood products by parenteral injections
27
Q

Health care associated infections (HAIs)

A

Infections that are acquired within hospitals or other healthcare facilities
Usually within 48 hours of admission

28
Q

Examples of Health care associated infections (HAIs)

A

Surgical site infections (SSI)
Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Catheter Associated UTIs

29
Q

Community acquired Infections

A

Infections that are acquired outside of a health care facility

BMS 191 (27 decks)

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