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BMS 191 > Cell Components/Structure > Flashcards

Cell Components/Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates the internal structures of the cell from the outside environment but allows for selective permeability

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2
Q

What is a plasma membrane made of

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Phosphate head = hydrophilic
Lipid tail = hydrophobic

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3
Q

Selective permeability

A

Selects what can get through from one side to another

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4
Q

What can permeable across a plasma membrane?

A

Non polar
Uncharged
e.g o2 co2 and steroids

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5
Q

What impermeable across a plasma membrane?

A

Ions and large uncharged molecules

e.g Glucose

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6
Q

What is slightly permeable across a plasma membrane?

A

Small polar molecules

e.g water

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7
Q

What other proteins and lipids are in the plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol
Glycocalyx
Peripheral proteins
Integral membrane proteins

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8
Q

Role of cholesterol

A

helps shaping membrane

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9
Q

Role of glycocalyx (glycoproteins and glycolipids)

A

Functions in cell communication, immune system and cell adhesion

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10
Q

Role of peripheral proteins

A

Not securely attached to lipid bilayer, form relatively loose attachments with the polar heads or integral proteins

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11
Q

Role of integral membrane proteins

A

Securely embedded within or through the lipid bilayer (transmembrane proteins)
Transport proteins including ions and large uncharged particles that can not pass bilayer
Most proteins only bind with a specific molecule like the lock and key theory

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of structure inside the cell (organelles) and the surrounding fluid

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

A large structure inside the cell (organelle) that contains most of the cells genetic material (DNA)

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14
Q

Organelles in a cell

A 
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
Golgi Apparatus
Lysomes
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome
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15
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid that is 70-90% water and contains other components such as ions, ATP, proteins and waste products

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16
Q

Organelles

A

Specialised structures that perform specific functions within the cell

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are manufactured
Composed of a large and small subunit
Found on rough ER, free floating in cytosol and in mitochondria

18
Q

Endoplasmic recticulum

A

A network of membrane forming flattened sacs

Manufacturing and packing system

19
Q

Rough ER

A

A network of membranes that is continuous with nuclear membrane and has ribosomes attached
Proteins made by attached ribosomes enter the sacs of the rough ER for further processing and sorting

20
Q

Smooth ER

A

Extends from the rough ER but does not contain ribosomes.

It synthesises fatty acids and steroids and in the liver it helps to detoxify harmful substances

21
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Composed of flattened membrane sacs (Cisternae)
It modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received by the rough ER
Processed proteins leave the cisternae in a vesicle

22
Q

Lysomes

A

Vesicles of membrane pinched off from the golgi complex

They contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down a wide variety of molecules not wanted or needed by the cell

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Performs the chemical reactions that use oxygen to produce ATP
Inner membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae which increases the surface area for chemical reactions to take place
Contaisn DNA molecule

24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The cells internal supporting framework

Made up of tiny, flexible fibres and rigid, rod like pieces

25
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton and their role

A

Intermediate filaments - Provide support and shape

Microtubules and microfilaments - Involved in the movement of cells or cell components

26
Q

Centreosome

A

Composed of microtubules

Plays a role during cellular division, pulling chromosomes apart before cells split

27
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins which function to help metabolic reactions to occur
Chemical catalysts
Reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction

28
Q

Effect of pH and temperature on Enzymes

A

At suboptimal temperature or pH it changes the shape of the active side on an enzyme so its substrate can no longer fit

29
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus separating the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cytoplasm

30
Q

DNA molecule

A

Stored as double stranded in the form of an double helix

31
Q

DNA form when cell is ready to copy itself

A

Packed in chromosomes

32
Q

DNA form when the cell is ready to make proteins

A

Unpacked so genes can be read

33
Q

Stages of DNA formation

A 
DNA double helix
Nucleosome
Chromatin
Chromatin fibre
Loop
Chromatid
Chromosome
34
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histones

35
Q

Chromatin

A

Nucleosomes linked together

36
Q

Chromatin fibre

A

Lots of chromatin

37
Q

Chromatid

A

Chromatin fibre forming a loop shape which forms a chromatid

38
Q

Chromosome

A

Two chromatids join with a centromere in the middle

39
Q

Protein synthesis stages

A

Transcription

Translation

40
Q

Transcription process and where it occurs

A

Make mRNA from DNA
Occurs in nucleus
DNA double helix is opened and the sequence of gene is converted (transcribed) into a sequence of mRNA
Transcribed mRNA exits nucleus through nuclear pores, entering cytosol and binding to a ribosome

41
Q

Pairing sequence from DNA to mRNA

A

A/U, T/A, G/C, C/G

42
Q

Translation

A

Protein formed for mRNA
Occurs in cytoplasm (at ribosome)
mRNA sequence is read and translated into an amino acid sequence by a ribosome
Three mRNA nucleotides = one amino acid
Translation of mRNA ends when a “Stop” mRNA sequence is reached
At that point the protein detaches from the ribosome

BMS 191 (27 decks)

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