Optics Lecture Flashcards
deals with the properties and behavior of light along with its interactions with matter and also with the instruments used to detect it
optics
three broad subfields of optics
geometric optics
physical optics
quantum optics
study of light as rays
geometric optics
study of light as waves
physical optics
study of light as particles
quantum optics
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 380 nm to 750 nm which is visible to the human eye
light
the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye
visible light
used to broadcast radio and television
radio waves
used in cooking, radar, telephone, and other signals
microwaves
transmits heat from sun, fires, radiations
infrared
makes things able to be seen
visible light
absorbed by the skin, used in fluorescent tubes
ultraviolet
used to view inside of bodies and objects
x-rays
used in medicine for killing cancer cells
gamma rays
used to describe the rays of light that exists
electromagnetic spectrum
___ and ___ help us to see an object
eyes
light
materials can be classified based on how it responds to light
opaque
transparent
transluscent
absorb light; do not let light pass through them (wood, rock, iron)
opaque materials
allow light to easily pass through them
transparent materials
opaque materials example
wood
rock
iron
transparent materials example
glass
water
allow light to pass through but distorts the light during the passage
transluscent materials
example of transluscent materials
some types of glass and plastic
basic optical devices
prism
mirror
converging lens
diverging lens
Light travels out in ___ directions from its source
all
Light is made up of particles called
photons
smallest possible particle of electromagnetic radiation and these particles travel in waves
photon
light travels in straight rays called ___
rays
light travels at the speed of ___
light
speed of light
186000 miles per seccond
300 000 kilometers per second
the speed of light is sort of a galactic ___ ___
speed limit
so far, nothing has been found to travel faster than ___
light
light can travel in a ___
vacuum
empty space
vacuum
what CANNOT travel in a vacuum
molecules of air or anything else
Light can be ___ which means it is converted to some other form such as thermal or heat energy
absorbed
is converted into some other form, such as thermal or heat energy
absorbed light energy
absorbed light energy can be converted to what form
thermal or heat energy
light can be ___ that if you light a surface, some of that light will bounce off
reflected
tells us that light will always be reflected by a surface at the same angle it hits the surface
law of reflection
the law of reflection tells us that light will always be reflected by a surface at the same ___ at which it hits the surface
angle
light can be ___ as when it passes from one medium to another, it changes direction slightly
refracted
occurs because light travels at different speeds through different materials
refraction
when light passes through air into water, for example it ___ (what speed of light)
slows down
sometimes light passes through matter; thus it can be said that light can be ___
transmitted
what kinds of matter does light pass through very easily
water
air
glass
allow light to be transmitted through them easily
transparent
material where it transmits some but not all the light that hits eat
translucent
does not transmit any light, you cannot see through them because light does not pass through it
opaque matter
interactions of light with matter (2)
absoprtion
scattering
is a transfer of energy from electomagnetic waves to the atoms or molecules of the medium
absorption
energy transferred to an atom can excite ___ to higher energy states
electrons
energy transferred to a __ can excite electrons to higher energy states
atom
energy transferred to a __ can excite vibrations or rotations
molecules
what property of light can excite these energy states depending on energy-level structures and therefore on the types of atoms and molecules contained in the meidum
wavelength
the spectrum of light after passing through a medium appears to have certain __ removed because they have been absorbed
wavelegths
the spectrum of light after passing through a medium appears to have certain wavelengths removed because they have been absorbed is called an
absorption spectrum
also the basis for objects having color, for instance, an apple is red because it absorbs the other colors of the visible spectrum and reflects only red light
selective absorption
does the apple absorb only red and reflect others?
no
redirection of light caused by the light’s interaction with matter
scattering
may have the same or longer wavelength (lower energy) as the incident radiation
scattered electromagnetic radiation
does the scatter electromagnetic radiation have the same polarization?
no
if the dimensions of the scatterer are much smaller than the wavelength of light, like a molecule, for example, what can the scatterer do?
absorb the incident light and reemit the light in a different direction
if the reemited light has the same wavelength as the incident light, the process is called ___
Rayleigh scattering
If the reemitted light has a longer wavelength, the molecule is left in an excited state, and the process is called ___
Raman scattering
In ___ scattering, secondary photons of longer wavelength are emitted when the molecule returns to ground state
Raman
when the light ray travels from water to air the refracted ray ___ away from the normal
bends
light slows down when it enters an ___ medium
optically denser
the refracted ray bends towards the ___ when the second medium is more dense than the first
normal
when a light enters a new substance ___ to the surface of the substance, refraction does NOT occur
perpendicular
a ray going straight in will reflect ___
straight out
the reflected ray appears as if it came from ___ the mirror
inside
review locating image in a flat mirror
+1
procedures on knowing where the the image in a flat mirror is located
straight in/straight out rays from top and bottom
bring back the reflected rays
choose any ray from the top to hit the mirror
draw your norma
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
bring back the reflected rays
what kind of image is made when it is in a flat mirror?
virtual image
upright
same height
cannot be projected on a screen
virtual image
in a plane mirror, the image will be formed __ the mirror
behind
a converging mirror
concave mirror
points in a concave mirro
CFP
C stands for
center of curvature
F stands for
focus
P stands for
pole of the mirror
where does the compas point should be placed when drawing the arc of the mirror?
C
radius of the arc given the following points
C F P
CP
4 rules for a concave mirror
rule 1
a ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, after reflection passes through the focus
rule 2 for concave mirros
a ray of light passing through the center of curvature is reflected back along with the same path
a ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, after reflection passes through the ____
focus
a ray of light passing through the center of curvature is reflected back along with the ____ path
same
in rule 2, the ray reflects on the same path because the ray of light falls ___
normally
in rule 2, the ray reflects on the same path because the ray of light falls normally, which means it is ___ to the mirror
perpendicular
rule 3 for concave mirrors
a ray of light passing through the focus after reflection becomes parallel to the principal axis
a ray of light passing through the focus after reflection becomes ____ to the principal axis
parallel
rule 1 is the exact opposite of rule 3 due to what principle
reversibility of light
rule 4 of concave mirros
a ray of light which is incident at the pole of a concave mirror is reflected back making the same angle with the principal axis
a ray of light which is incident at the pole of a concave mirror is reflected back making the same angle with the ___ axis
principal
when the person is beyond C, what rules can be used
Rule 1 and rule 2
where is the image is produced when object is beyond C in concave mirrors
head is placed on the intersection while the feet is in the principal axis
what kind of image is produced when object is beyond C in a concave mirror
real
inverted
diminished
when the person is at C, what rules cannot be used
rule 2
when the person is at C, what rules are used
rule 1 and 3
where is the image is produced when object is at C in concave mirrors
the image is directly below the object at C
what kind of image is produced when object is at C in a concave mirror
real
inverted
same size
when the object is between C and F which rule is used
rule 1 and rule 2
where is the image is produced when object is between C and F in concave mirrors
beyond C
what kind of image is produced when object is between C and F in a concave mirror
real and inverted
magnified
if the object is located at F, what rules can be applied
rule 2
rule 1
what happens to the reflected rays when object is at F
parallel to each other (divergent)
where does the image occur when the object is between F and P
behind the mirror
what kind of image is produced when object is between F and P in a concave mirror
virtual
magnified
upright
what usage in concave mirror when object is at F
shaving mirror
diverging mirror
convex mirror
rule 1 for convex mirrors
ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, after reflection it appears to becoming from the focus
ray of light which is parallel to the principal axis, after reflection it appears to becoming from the ___
focus
rule 2 for convex mirros
ray of light going towards the center of the curvature is reflected back along the same path
rule 3 for convex mirrors
ray of light going towards the focus after reflection becomes parallel to the principal axis
rule 4 for convex mirrors
incident at the pole of the convex is reflected back making the same angle with the principal axis
when an object is standing in front of a convex mirror, which rule is used
rule 1
rule 2
where does the image form when an object is standing in front of a convex mirror
intersection inside the mirror near F
what is the kind of image produced when an object stands in front of a convex mirror
diminished
upright
virtual
Double convex lens is a diverging material.
T/F
False
For double concave lens image formed may be REAL, INVERTED and relatively BIGGER.
T/F
False
Dentist use CONVEX MIRRORS during dental procedures.
T/F
False
Convex mirrors diverge light when reflected.
T/F
True
Concave mirrors diverge light when reflected.
T/F
False
Convex mirrors always create VIRTUAL and SMALLER images.
T/F
True
Double concave lens diverge light that passes through it.
T/F
True
For double convex lens as the object moves away from the lens the image formed is SMALLER, VIRTUAL and UPRIGHT.
T/F
False
In Law of Reflection, the angle of incidence is greater than the angle of reflection
T/F
False
If an object is placed between the focal point and the vertex of a concave mirror, the image formed will be _______.
virtual, bigger, upright
If the object is placed in front of a concave mirror at the position between the VERTEX and FOCAL POINT the image formed is VIRTUALand BIGGER at the back of the mirror
True
If an object is placed at the Center of Curvature in front of a concave mirror, the image formed will be ___________.f
real
inverted
same size, same location
CONCAVE MIRRORS are used as side mirrors of vehicles.
T/F
False
Plane mirrors always create REAL images.
T/F
False
for convex mirrors as the object moves closer in front of the mirror the VIRTUAL image formed becomes bigger but still smaller than the object size
T/F
True
if an object is placed between the focal point and vertex in front of a convex mirror the image formed will be
virtual
smaller
upright
for double convex lens as the object is moved farther away from the less, the image formed becomes SMALLER, INVERTED, and REAL
True
For convex mirros as the object moves closer in front of the mirror, the size of the REAL IMAGE becomes smaller
t/f
FALSE
plane mirrors create LATERALLY REVERSED images
T/F
Truef
for double concave lens, the image formed is always VIRTUAL, UPRIGHT, and SMALLER
T/F
True
