Measurement of Physical Quantities: Fundamental and Derived Flashcards
Equipment and Materials Needed for Measurement of Physical Quantities
Meterstick
Vernier Caliper
Micrometer
Stopwatch
Cylindrical Hollow Metal Block
Spherical Metal Block
Dynamic Cart
Dynamic Track
Physics helps us understand the physical universe by measuring fundamental quantities such as
distance
length
time
can measure internal dimensions using the uppermost jaws, external
dimensions using the lower jaws
vernier calipers
Vernier calipers commonly used in industry provide a precision to a hundredth of a millimeter or ho wmany micrometers
10 micrometers
is a device used widely in mechanical engineering and machining as well
as most mechanical trades for precision measurement.
micrometer
The spindle of an ordinary metric
micrometer has _ threads per millimeter, and thus one complete revolution moves the
spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter.
2 threads
. Thus, the reading is given by the number of ___ divisions
visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the particular division on the thimble which coincides
with the axial line on the sleeve.
milimmeter
what is measured for the length
laboratory table (using meter stick)
cylindrical hollow metal block (using Vernier Caliper)
spherical metal block (using Micrometer caliper)
what mass is measured
cylindrical hollow metal block
sphere
what is measured for a dynamic cart to travel a distance of 2m
time
derived quantities measured after experiment
area of table
volume/density of cylindrical hollow metal block and metal sphere
densities by percentage error
speed of dynamic cart
measure the area of the table if
length = 4.01 m
width = 1.01m
area = 4.05m^2
measure the radius if diameter is 1.245 cm
0.6225cm
1m is equals to __ cm
100
1m is equals to __ mm
1000
1m is equals to ___ um
1000000
1m is equals to __ km
0.001km
formula for volume of hollow cylindrical metal block
V = π (R2 -r2)h
where R = outer diameter
r - lower diameter
density formula
density = mass/volume
true value of aluminum
2.71x10^3 kg/m^3
calculate the volume given
Do = 1.245cm
Di = 0.66cm
H = 8.805cm
M = 21.0g
7.71 cc
calculate the density given
m = 21.0g
v = 7.71cc
2.72g/cc
calculate percentage error given
actual density = 2.78g/cc
theoretical density = 2.71/gcc
2.58%
percentage error formula
measured - actual /actual * 100
metal sphere volume formula
V = 4/3 π r³
calculate metal sphere volume given
diameter = 2.431 cm
mass = 67.15g
7.52cc
calculate metal sphere density given
mass = 67.15g
volume = 7.52cc
density = 8.93g/cc
true value of steel/iron (general)
7.88x10^3 kg/m^3
calculate percentage error given
true value = 7.88 g/cc
measured = 8.25 g/cc
4.70%
speed formula
s = d/t
calculate speed given
d = 2.00m
t = 2.83s
s = 0.707 m/s
area for a rectangle formula
l x w
a process of comparing a property of an object with a standard quantity
measurement
a quantitative observation consisting of a number and a scale
measurement
is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard
unit
SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
English System
Metric System
International System of Units (SI)
SI means
Le Systeme International d’ Unites
Fundamental Physical Quantities in SI units (7)
length [L]
time [T]
mass [M]
electric current [A]
amount of substance [mol], temperature [K]
luminous intensity [Cd].
unit for time
seconds
unit for length
meters
unit for mass
kg
SI unit for electric current
A
SI unit for amount of substance
mol
SI unit for temperature
Kelvin
SI unit for luminous intensity
Cd
symbol for length
l
symbol for mass
m
symbol for time
t
symbol for electric current
l
symbol for thermodynamic temperature
T
symbol for amount of substance
n
symbol for luminous intensity
Iv
prefixes used in the metric system (base unit upwards)
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
multiply base unit by
tera
10^12 (1,000,000,000,000)
multiply base unit by
giga
10^9 (1,000,000,000)
multiply base unit by
mega
1,000,000 (10^6)
multiply base unit by
kilo
1,000 (10^3)
multiply base unit by
hecto
100 (10^2)
multiply base unit by
deka
10
prefixes used in the metric system (base unit downwards)
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
multiply base unit by
deci
10^-1 (1/10)
multiply base unit by
centi
1/100 (10^-2)
multiply base unit by
milli
1/1000 (10^-3)
multiply base unit by
micro
1/1000000 (10^-6)
multiply base unit by
nano
1/1 000 000 000 (10^-9)
multiply base unit by
pico
1 / 1 000 000 000 000 (10^-12)
multiply base unit by
femto
1/1,000,000,000,000,000 (10^-15)
1 pound = ___ ounces
15
1 kilogram = ___ pounds
2.2
1 pound = ___ grams
454
1 ton = ___ pounds
2000
1 liter = ___ quarts
1.0567 quarts
1 mL = __ cm
1 cm
1 gallon = __ liters
3.78 liters
1 gallon = _ quarts
4 quarts
4 quarts = ___ fluid ounces
128
1 quart = _ pints
2
2 pints = ___ fluid ounces
32 ounces
1 pint = __ cups
2 cups
2 cups = ____
16 fluid ounces
density of water
1.00g/mL
1 inch = ___ centimeters
2.54
1 mile = ___ feet
5280 feet
1 mile = ___ kilometers
1.609
1 yard = ___ feet
3
3 feet = __ inches
36 inches
1 yard = ___ meters
0.9144 meters
1 meter = _ inches
39.37 inches
1 km = ___ yards
1094 yarsd
1 kilometer = ___ miles
0.6215 iles
1 year = days
365
1 year = months
12
1 year = weeks
52
1 day = hours
24
1 hour = minutes
60
1 minute = seoncds
60
1 cal = J
4.184
conversion from C to F
(C*9/5)+32
conversion from F to C
= 5/9(F-32)
conversion of C to K
C + 273.15
pressure units 1 atm = ___ mmHG
760
avogadro’s number
6.02x10^23 mole
ideal gas constant R
R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K
speed of light
3.00x10^8 m/s
Planck’s constant
= 6.63x10^-3 J.s
the measurement is relevant to the question being investigated; correct conclusions can
only be drawn from valid data.
validity
describes how close a measurement to the accepted value.
accuracy
repeatability or reproducibility of a measurement
precision
refers to the agreement among repeated measurements, the “spread” of the measurements or how close they are together
precision
a measure of how far a measured quantity might be from the “ true value”
uncertainty
Common Sources of Uncertainty
effects of environmental
conditions on the measurement
judgment in reading analog instruments
sensitivity of instruments
rating or stated calibration of the instrument
approximations and assumptions made while doing the measurement
variations in repeated readings made under apparently identical conditions
If we say it is 80 km within an accuracy of 1 to 2 km, then 80 has how many significant figures
2
If it is precisely 80 km, to within ±0.1 km, then we write how many significant figures
3 (80.0km)
(0.745×2.2) /3.885 =
answer in siginificant figures
0.42
27.153 + 138.2 – 11.74 =
answer in significant figures
153.6
label the parts of vernier caliper
+1
part of vernier caliper that is used for measurement of inner diamete
inner caliper jaws
part of vernier caliper that is used to measure depth
depth gauge (blade)
part of vernier caliper that is the scale on the smaller sliding portion of the caliepr that gives the least significant digits in the reading and subdivides a mark on the main scale into 10,20, or 50m subdivisions
Vernier scale
part of vernier caliper that is the fixed portion of the caliepr that gives the most significant digits in reading
main scale
part of vernier caliper that is used to keep the jaws in place
screw clamp/lock
part of vernier caliper that is used to move the jaws
knurled wheel
part of vernier caliper that is used to measure outside diameter
outside caliper jaws
label micrometer caliper parts
+1
part of micrometer that is the C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other
frame
part of micrometer that is thick because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction which would distort the measurement
frame
part of micrometer that is the shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the sample rest against
anvil
part of micrometer that is the stationary round part with the linear scale on it, sometimes vernier markings
sleeve/barrel
part of micrometer that is the knurled part (or level) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary, such as when momentarily holding a measurement
lock nut/ thimble lock
part of micrometer that is the shiny cylindrical part that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil
spindle
the part of the one’s thumb turns, with graduated markings
thimble
device on one end of handle that limits pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque
ratchet
