Opthalmology

Question 1

pt presents with blurry vision, unilateral eye redness and headache, diagnosis?

Answer 1

Angle closure glaucoma

Question 2

wt causes retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 2

hypertension resulting in compression of vein by big artery

Question 3

df chalazion?

cause?

Answer 3

Lipogranulomatous inflammatory lesion.

- blockage of meibomian gland

Question 4

wt is Dacryocystitis? common cause? tx?

Answer 4

Infection of lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
antibiotics and drainage if needed

Question 5

wr is anterior chamber? posterior? vitreous ?

Answer 5

Anterior chamber
	- Cornea to iris
Posterior chamber
	- Iris to lens
Virteous chamber
	- Lens to retina

Question 6

df pingueculum?

Answer 6

fibrovascular tissue growth that does not cross limbus (pterygium crosses)

Question 7

Strabismus:
df tropia?
df phoria?
df eso?
df exo?
df hyper?
df hypo?

Answer 7

tropia = always present
phoria = sometimes present
eso = eyes pointing in (cross eyed)
exo = eyes pointing out
hyper = eye pointed up
hypo = eye pointed down

Question 8

Wt is the retina embryologically derived from? wt other important structure is derived from the same?

Answer 8

Diencephalon. Pineal gland

Question 9

wr is the choroid? wt is it?

Answer 9

between scleara and retina. vascular layer

Question 10

wt type of gland are lacrimal glands?

Answer 10

Eccrine (do not lose cytoplasm when secreting

Question 11

condition associated w swollen preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes? tx?

Answer 11

viral conjunctivitis

tx not necessary, supportive if necessary

Question 12

Eye condiiton causing photophobia (pain/fear to light)?

Answer 12

Iritis

Question 13

2 functions of ciliary structure?

Answer 13

change shape of lens

aqueous fluid production inside the eye

Question 14

df leukocoria? associated disease?

Answer 14

white pupil in place of a red reflex. Retinoblastoma**

Question 15

wt type of redness is seen with iritis?

Answer 15

ciliary flush or redness around the limbus

Question 16

Pt presents only eating soup:
Diagnosis?
2 associated symptoms?
hw to diagnose?
2 elevated lab values

Answer 16

Temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis

• jaw claudication and scalp tenderness
• Temporal artery biopsy to diagnose
• ESR and CRP elevated

Question 17

term for pupils of dif sizes?

Answer 17

anisocoria

Question 18

triad for horners syndrome? cause?

Answer 18

Ptosis (from lack of mueller muscle), miosis and anhydrosis.
Sympathetic (dilation) isnt working so parasympathetic kicks in

Question 19

wt is the cause of diabetic retinopathy?
tx if non proliferative?
tx if proliferative

Answer 19

loss of pericytes results in leakage of liquids from retinal capillaries –>edema, ischemia –> release of VEGF
NP tx with focal laser tx
proliferative tx with pan retinal photocoagulation

Question 20

3 layers of tear film?

Answer 20

1. mucus - goblets
2. aqueous - lacrimal
3. lipid - meibobian

Question 21

2 risk factors angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 21

hyperopia

narrow anterior chamber angle

Question 22

neonate presents w conjunctivitis 24 hrs after birth, wt do you tx with?

Answer 22

(gonoccal infection) penicillin

Question 23

3 functions of tear film?

Answer 23

lubricate
immune
refraction

Question 24

wt is responsible for refraction of the eye?

Answer 24

lens, tear film and cornea

Question 25

wt causes retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 25

thrombus

Question 26

wt is myopia? tx?

Answer 26

eye ball is too long, too much convergence. | tx = minus powered glasses

Question 27

Wt is presbyopia? Tx?

Answer 27

Presbyopia - Loss of ability to accommodate lens (loss of elasticity) - Tx with reading glasses

Question 28

wt is myopia a risk factor for?

Answer 28

retinal detachment

Question 29

wt is keratoconjunctivitis sicca? Wt is deficient? Wt infiltrates? tx?

Answer 29

Dry eyes. aqueous (lacrimal) tear deficient production infiltration of mononuclear cells immune modulators

Question 30

cause of sty/hordeolum?

Answer 30

obstructed sebaceous gland

Question 31

wt is penalization? 2 methods? Condition it is used in?

Answer 31

lessening visual acuity in the functioning eye to force connections w the dysfunctional eye. Patching and pharmacologic methods. used in amylopia

Question 32

df glaucoma? cause? tx?

Answer 32

optic neuropathy caused by increased intraocular pressure. | Tx= lower pressure (via decrease production or increase outflow)

Question 33

pt presents w unilateral eye pain, redness, headache and nausea, diagnosis? surgical tx?

Answer 33

Closed angle glaucoma. | tx w peripheral iridectomy or laser peripheral iridotomy

Question 34

wt causes ptosis? muscle involved?

Answer 34

compromised sympathetic innervation from superior cervical ganglia Mueller muscle effected

Question 35

wt forms the uveal tract?

Answer 35

choroid, ciliary body and iris

Question 36

where is aqueous fluid produced inside the eye? where does it flow

Answer 36

ciliary body --> posterior chamber --> anterior chamber --> trabecular meshwork

Question 37

condition assoc w monocular mucopurulent discharge? tx?

Answer 37

bacterial conjunctivitis | tx w antibiotics

Question 38

wt is hyperopia? tx?

Answer 38

"far-sighted". axial length is too short. | tx = positive powered glasses

Question 39

wt is astigmatism?

Answer 39

cylindrical eye

Question 40

wt characterizes pterygium? cause? geographic location commonly seen in?

Answer 40

triangular sheet of fibrovascular tissue that grows over cornea Caused by sun exposure seen in ppl near the equato

Question 41

baby presents 6 days after birth w conjunctivitis, wt is tx?

Answer 41

Erythromycin (Chlamydia infection presents 5-12 days after birth)

Question 42

symptom of thyroid dysfunciton? cause?

Answer 42

``` bulging eyes (proptosis/exophthalmos) IgG inflitrates ```

Question 43

wt is a cataract? tx?

Answer 43

Blurry vision associated w infoliation of lens. | tx= surgery w intraocular lens implant

Question 44

2 functions of lens?

Answer 44

refraction | convergence

Question 45

cause of homonymous hemianopia?

Answer 45

lesion behind optic chiasm

Question 46

df conjunctiva?

Answer 46

mucous membrane lining inner surfaces of the eyelids and outer surface of eye

Question 47

cause of bitemporal hemianopia? frequent cause?

Answer 47

lesion a the optic chiasm. pituitary tumor

Question 48

3 regions of the conjunctiva?

Answer 48

1. palpebral - inside of eyelid 2. fornix - junction 3. bulbar - surface of the eye

Question 49

Wt innervates the lateral rectus?

Answer 49

CN6

Question 50

why does aging cause presbyopia and cataracts

Answer 50

the lens infoliates, resulting in accumulation of proteins

Question 51

df amblyopia | 3 causes?

Answer 51

eyes fail to see the same thing with equal clarity. (lazy eye) Causes: - anisometropia (difference in refractive error) - strabismus - deprivaiton (one eye is derived of input ie cataract)

Question 52

wt innervates superior/inferior/medial rectus? if this is damaged d, what does pupil involvement indicate?

Answer 52

CN III CN III symptoms w pupil involvement indicates compression. often caused by post commm artery in circle of willis -- URGENT

Question 53

df hordeolum? | cause?

Answer 53

small abscess on eyelid caused by staph infection of lash follicle. (painful)

Question 54

wt is the cause of CN 3 palsy without pupil involvement?

Answer 54

microvascular ischemia (not emergent)

Question 55

wt happens to the eye in Bell's Palsy (specific word)? wt nerve and muscle involved? 3 txs?

Answer 55

Lagopthalmos - incomplete closure of the eye CN 7 - orbicularis oculi muscle tx= tape eyelid closed, lubrication or surgery

Question 56

wt innervates the superior oblique?

Answer 56

CN 4

Question 57

Hw is fetal vasculature of the eye different? specific name? | Wn does it become normal?

Answer 57

Fetus's have stalk (hyaloid artery) that extends from optic nerve to post. lens. (blocks sight) Disappears by 34 weeks