Opthalmology Flashcards
pt presents with blurry vision, unilateral eye redness and headache, diagnosis?
Angle closure glaucoma
wt causes retinal vein occlusion?
hypertension resulting in compression of vein by big artery
df chalazion?
cause?
Lipogranulomatous inflammatory lesion.
- blockage of meibomian gland
wt is Dacryocystitis? common cause? tx?
Infection of lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
antibiotics and drainage if needed
wr is anterior chamber? posterior? vitreous ?
Anterior chamber - Cornea to iris Posterior chamber - Iris to lens Virteous chamber - Lens to retina
df pingueculum?
fibrovascular tissue growth that does not cross limbus (pterygium crosses)
Strabismus: df tropia? df phoria? df eso? df exo? df hyper? df hypo?
tropia = always present phoria = sometimes present eso = eyes pointing in (cross eyed) exo = eyes pointing out hyper = eye pointed up hypo = eye pointed down
Wt is the retina embryologically derived from? wt other important structure is derived from the same?
Diencephalon. Pineal gland
wr is the choroid? wt is it?
between scleara and retina. vascular layer
wt type of gland are lacrimal glands?
Eccrine (do not lose cytoplasm when secreting
condition associated w swollen preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes? tx?
viral conjunctivitis
tx not necessary, supportive if necessary
Eye condiiton causing photophobia (pain/fear to light)?
Iritis
2 functions of ciliary structure?
change shape of lens
aqueous fluid production inside the eye
df leukocoria? associated disease?
white pupil in place of a red reflex. Retinoblastoma**
wt type of redness is seen with iritis?
ciliary flush or redness around the limbus
Pt presents only eating soup: Diagnosis? 2 associated symptoms? hw to diagnose? 2 elevated lab values
Temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis
- jaw claudication and scalp tenderness
- Temporal artery biopsy to diagnose
- ESR and CRP elevated
term for pupils of dif sizes?
anisocoria
triad for horners syndrome? cause?
Ptosis (from lack of mueller muscle), miosis and anhydrosis.
Sympathetic (dilation) isnt working so parasympathetic kicks in
wt is the cause of diabetic retinopathy?
tx if non proliferative?
tx if proliferative
loss of pericytes results in leakage of liquids from retinal capillaries –>edema, ischemia –> release of VEGF
NP tx with focal laser tx
proliferative tx with pan retinal photocoagulation
3 layers of tear film?
- mucus - goblets
- aqueous - lacrimal
- lipid - meibobian
2 risk factors angle closure glaucoma?
hyperopia
narrow anterior chamber angle
neonate presents w conjunctivitis 24 hrs after birth, wt do you tx with?
(gonoccal infection) penicillin
3 functions of tear film?
lubricate
immune
refraction
wt is responsible for refraction of the eye?
lens, tear film and cornea
wt causes retinal artery occlusion?
thrombus
wt is myopia? tx?
eye ball is too long, too much convergence.
tx = minus powered glasses
Wt is presbyopia? Tx?
Presbyopia
- Loss of ability to accommodate lens (loss of elasticity) - Tx with reading glasses
wt is myopia a risk factor for?
retinal detachment
wt is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
Wt is deficient?
Wt infiltrates?
tx?
Dry eyes.
aqueous (lacrimal) tear deficient production
infiltration of mononuclear cells
immune modulators
cause of sty/hordeolum?
obstructed sebaceous gland
wt is penalization?
2 methods?
Condition it is used in?
lessening visual acuity in the functioning eye to force connections w the dysfunctional eye.
Patching and pharmacologic methods.
used in amylopia
df glaucoma? cause? tx?
optic neuropathy caused by increased intraocular pressure.
Tx= lower pressure (via decrease production or increase outflow)
pt presents w unilateral eye pain, redness, headache and nausea, diagnosis? surgical tx?
Closed angle glaucoma.
tx w peripheral iridectomy or laser peripheral iridotomy
wt causes ptosis? muscle involved?
compromised sympathetic innervation from superior cervical ganglia
Mueller muscle effected
wt forms the uveal tract?
choroid, ciliary body and iris
where is aqueous fluid produced inside the eye? where does it flow
ciliary body –> posterior chamber –> anterior chamber –> trabecular meshwork
condition assoc w monocular mucopurulent discharge? tx?
bacterial conjunctivitis
tx w antibiotics
wt is hyperopia? tx?
“far-sighted”. axial length is too short.
tx = positive powered glasses
wt is astigmatism?
cylindrical eye
wt characterizes pterygium? cause? geographic location commonly seen in?
triangular sheet of fibrovascular tissue that grows over cornea
Caused by sun exposure
seen in ppl near the equato
baby presents 6 days after birth w conjunctivitis, wt is tx?
Erythromycin (Chlamydia infection presents 5-12 days after birth)
symptom of thyroid dysfunciton? cause?
bulging eyes (proptosis/exophthalmos) IgG inflitrates
wt is a cataract? tx?
Blurry vision associated w infoliation of lens.
tx= surgery w intraocular lens implant
2 functions of lens?
refraction
convergence
cause of homonymous hemianopia?
lesion behind optic chiasm
df conjunctiva?
mucous membrane lining inner surfaces of the eyelids and outer surface of eye
cause of bitemporal hemianopia? frequent cause?
lesion a the optic chiasm. pituitary tumor
3 regions of the conjunctiva?
- palpebral - inside of eyelid
- fornix - junction
- bulbar - surface of the eye
Wt innervates the lateral rectus?
CN6
why does aging cause presbyopia and cataracts
the lens infoliates, resulting in accumulation of proteins
df amblyopia
3 causes?
eyes fail to see the same thing with equal clarity. (lazy eye)
Causes:
- anisometropia (difference in refractive error)
- strabismus
- deprivaiton (one eye is derived of input ie cataract)
wt innervates superior/inferior/medial rectus? if this is damaged d, what does pupil involvement indicate?
CN III
CN III symptoms w pupil involvement indicates compression. often caused by post commm artery in circle of willis – URGENT
df hordeolum?
cause?
small abscess on eyelid caused by staph infection of lash follicle. (painful)
wt is the cause of CN 3 palsy without pupil involvement?
microvascular ischemia (not emergent)
wt happens to the eye in Bell’s Palsy (specific word)? wt nerve and muscle involved?
3 txs?
Lagopthalmos - incomplete closure of the eye
CN 7 - orbicularis oculi muscle
tx= tape eyelid closed, lubrication or surgery
wt innervates the superior oblique?
CN 4
Hw is fetal vasculature of the eye different? specific name?
Wn does it become normal?
Fetus’s have stalk (hyaloid artery) that extends from optic nerve to post. lens. (blocks sight)
Disappears by 34 weeks
