Opthalmology Flashcards
Rosette cataract seen in
Trauma
Oil drop cataract seen in
Galactosemia
Diameter of optic nerve
1.5mm
Depth of anterior chamber
2-3mm
Volume of vitreous
4ml
Volume of orbit
30cc
Muscle attached to posterior tarsal margin
Mullers muscle
What is Marcus Gunn pupil? (2)
- Defect in optic chiasma
- Pupil paradoxically dilate when light is swung from eye to eye
Substantial propria of cornea is composed mainly of…..
Collagen
Cornea absorb oxygen mainly from….
Air directly
Nutrients diffuse into cornea from….
Aqueous humor
MLF is important for…
Conjugate gaze
Lesion in MLF results in…..
Inability to adduct ipsilateral eye on attempted lateral gaze
Structures derived from mesoderm (2)
- Corneal stroma and endothelium
- Smooth muscles of iris
3 all muscles except iris
Eye of newborn is……(2)
Hypermetropic
2-3D
Visual angle is…..
Angle made by the object at nodal point of the lens
Alpha angle is….
Angle between visual and optic axis
Kappa angle is…
Angle between pupillary (anatomical ) axis and visual axis
Direct ophthalmoscope image is magnified …..times
Indirect ophthalmoscope image is magnified…..times
15
5
Electronic statogram is used for….
Graph for movement of eye
Anomolscope detects ….
Color blindness
Retinoscope is used for….
Assessing refractive state of eye
Isihara plates /Hardy Rand plates are used for testing …..
Color vision
Landolts rings are used for testing ….
Visual acuity in illiterates
Tests to detect macular function (3)
- Amsler grid
- Maddox rod test
- Cardboard test (2 point discrimination)
Mc malignant tumor of eyelid
BCC
Adhesion of margins of 2 eyelid are called ….
Ankyloblepharon
Recurrent chalazion may predispose to….
Adeno ca of meibomian gland
Features of congenital chronic dacrocystitis (3)
- Epiphora
- Regurgitation of pus
- Rx: conjuctivo-cysto-rhinostomy
Receptors of optic pathway
Rods and cones
Thalamic nucleus of Vision
Lateral geniculate body
Pupillary sparing is seen in …..d/s
DM
What is Webber’s syndrome?
- I/L CN3 palsy
- C/L hemiparesis
Loss of ciliospinal reflex seen in….
Horners syndrome
Rx for horners syndrome
Fasanella Servat operation
What is tylosis ?
Hypertrophy and drooping of eyelid
Feature of ptosis in Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome.
Non retractable ptosis that gets corrected by chewing action
Surgical procedure for ptosis
Blaskovics operation
Physiological insufficiency of accommodation is called ….
Presbyopia
Down beat nystagmus seen in…(5)
- Cerbellar/ brain stem lesion
- Multiple sclerosis
- Alcohol
- Anticonvulsant
- Lithium toxicity
Rotators nystagmus is called ….
Miners nystagmus
Complication of myopia (2)
- Lattice and snail track degeneration
- Peripheral retinal degeneration
Anisokonia is…..
Difference in image size
Anisometropia is……
Difference in refraction of 2 eyes
Giant papillary conjunctivitis is seen in …..
Contact lens
Most common allergic manifestation of phytenctular conjunctivitis is….
Koeppe’s nodules
Papillary hypertrophy seen in ….
Spring catarrh
Maxwell Lyon sign is….(2)
Ropy stringy discharge
Define artl’s line
Seen in trachoma
Conjunctival scarring in sulcus subtarsalis
Define pannus formation
Infiltration of cornea with vascularization
DOC of trachoma (topical)
Tetracycline 1%
First symptom of congenital glaucoma
Lacrimation
Features of congenital glaucoma (4)
- Boys are affected more
- Buphthalmos (big eyes)
- Ox eyes
- Large cornea
Corneal features of congenital glaucoma (2)
Hazy frosted glass cornea
Haab’s striae
Pathology of congenital glaucoma
Optineurin abnormality
Procedure of choice vs surgery of choice for congenital glaucoma
Procedure: combined trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy
Surgery of choice: goniotomy
Genes implicated in pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma (2)
Optineurin gene
MYOC gene
Early visual field defect seen in primary open angle glaucoma (2)
- Isopteric contraction
- Barring blind spot
Surgical procedure for primary open angle glaucoma :
For angle closure glaucoma
Argon Laser trabeculoplasty
Laser iridotomy
Surgical iridectomy
Rubeiosis iridis is ……..associated with ….
Rx
Neovascularization of iris seen in neovascular glaucoma
Ass with CRAO
Panretinal photocoagulation
Associated features of keratoconus (2)
Munson sign
Fleischer sign
Corneal nerves are visible in …….condition
Keratoconus
Equatorial diameter of lens is…..
9mm
Max refractive power is in…..
Center of lens
Lens is thicker ……
Lens gets its nutrition from …….
Anteriorly
Acqueous humor
Most cataract in adults is….
Most common cataract in children is ….
Cortical cataract
Zonular cataract
Sign of complicated cataract is…..
Polychromatic lustre
Features of posterior cataract (2)
Unilateral -always
Ass with poor visual prognosis
Lamellar cataract is associated with…(2)
Malnutrition
Hypoparathyroidism
Rx for after cataract
NdYAG laser capsulotomy
Projectile vomiting is seen in …..ophthalmic condition
Papilledema
Disc findings seen in papilledema (3)
- Blurring of margins of optic disc
- Hyperemia of disc
- Elevation of disc - mushroom/dome shaped
Pseudo papillitis seen in….
Hypermetropia
Earliest feature of papillitis
RAPD
Papillitis aka optic neuritis
Ocular condition of RA
Episcleritis
Anterior uveitis is seen in….(3)
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Miotic pupil
Posterior uveitis seen in ….(3)
- Sarcoidosis
- Melanocyte containing tissue- Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
- Behcets syndrome
Ciliary body is injured in …..
Sympathetic Opthalmitis
First sign of SO (2)
Retro lentil flare
Keratic ppt
Mc tumor of lacrimal gland
Benign mixed tumor
Hypothesis related to RB
Knudsons hypothesis
Rx of
1. Diffuse RB
2. Small rb.
3. B/L RB and metastatic disease
- Enucleation - eyeball +optic nerve
- Brachytherapy
- Chemotherapy
Rhegmatogenous rd is…..
Formation of hole in retina/ retinal tear
Rhegmatoneous RD is ass with …(5)
- Myopia
- Trauma
- Cataract surgery
- HTN
- Eales disease
Primary aim of RD surgery
Closure of break or tear in the retina
Feature of retinitis pigmentosa
Loss of visual acuity
Microscopic feature of retinitis pigmentosa
Irregular black deposits of clumped pigment in peripheral retina-bone spicules
Envisceration is done in….
Panopthalmitis
(Frills excision)
Enucleation is done in…(4)
- Retinoblastoma
- Malignant melanoma -adults
- Endopthalmitis
- Pthisis bulbi
Fundus exam for
NonIDDM
IDDM
- ASAP
- After 5 years of dx of DM
Features of eye in thyroid disease (4)
- Lid lag- von graf’s sign
- Poor convergence (mobius sign)
- External opthalmoplegia
- Large extraocular muscles
Tears are produced in newborn after….
4 weeks
Layers in tear film …..
Mucin deficiency seen in…(5)
3
- Steven Johnson syndrome
- Trachoma
- Burns
- Pemphigoid
- Vit A deficiency
D shaped pupil seen in….
Iridodialysis
Bulls eye maculopathy seen in….
Chloroquine
Whorled keratopathy seen in…
Amiodarone
Schwalbe’s ring seen in….
Descemet’s membrane
Angioid streaks seen in….
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Scintillating Scotoma seen in….
Migraine
Epibulbar dermoids seen in….
Goldenhar’s syndrome
Sago grains seen in…
Trachoma
My ocular morbidity in India
Refractive error
Mc cause of blindness of children in India
Vit A deficiency
Mydriqtic with no cycloplegic
Phenylephrine
Mydriatic used as an ointment in children
Atropine
Shallow anterior chamber seen in….
Intumescent cataract
Mc congenital cataract affecting vision
Zonular
Altitudinal defect seen in
AION
Normal iOP
17-22- mmhg
Mc soft tissue tumor in children
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Direction of dislocation of lens in mar fans syndrome
B/L upward and temporal
Drug with only cycloplegic action
Cyclopentolate
Suppurations I.F of meibomian gland is known as…
Hordeleum
CMV retinitis seen with CD4 counts
Less than 50
Bonnets sign and elschnig spots seen in
HTN retinopathy
Corneal condition in which steroid c/I
Herpetic conditions
Resse ellsworth classification done for
RB
Rx of choice for central serous retinopathy
No rx - resolves spontaneous
Rx of choice for acathameoba
Chlorhexidine
Polyhexethylene biguanide
Mc intraocular tumor in adults is …
Malignant melanoma of choroid
Earliest visual field defects in glaucoma
Isolated paracentral scotoma
Distant opthalmoscopy is done at a distance of ….
20-25 cm
Vit a supplement for a child is
3 doses of 1 lakh units
Brain ass with horizontal moves of eye
Pons
Campometry is done for….
Field charting
Central and paracentral area of visual field
Drug used for tonometry
4% XYlocaine
Methyl alcohol causes blindness by acting on …..cells
Ganglion cells
Most dangerous injury for vision
Fracture optic nerve Canal
Cattle truck appearance seen in….
CRAO
Rx of choice for clinically significant macular edema is….
Focal photocoagulation
In pars planitis visual loss is due to…
Cystoid macular edema
Keith wegener classification done for …
HTN retinopathy
Distance of macula from optic disc is…
3 mm
Ring scotoma seen in ….
RP
Secondary vitreous develops from…
Ectoderm
Site of bleeding of after cataract surgery
Posterior ciliary vessels
Loss of eyelashes is known as
Madarosis
Eyeball volume is …
5-7 ml
Sclera is thinnest at…
Behind insertion of recti
Sclera thicket at…
Posterior pole near optic nerve
Nummular keratitis seen in….
Herpes zoster
Instrument used to asses corneal surface
Placido disc
Snow banking seen in…
Pars planitis - intermediate uveitis
Bread crumb appearance seen in…
Complicated cataract
Ring of sommering seen in…
After cataract
Hypersecretary glaucoma seen in …
Epidemic dropsy
5% guanethidine seen in….
Thyrotoxic opthalmopathy
Edema following blunt trauma is…
Berlin edema
Doc for CMV retinitis
Ganciclovir
Of length of eyeball changes by 1mm, refractive index changes by…
3D
Neurotrophic keratitis involves… nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Excessive accommodation results in…
Pseudomyopia
Chronic sterile If of meibomian gland is…
Chalazion
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is caused by
Adenovirus
Rx of after cataract
Nd yag laser
Mc malignant intraorbital tumor in children
Lymphoma
Pizza pie appearance seen in
CMV retinitis
Achromatopsia seen in which area of occipital cortex
V8
Method of examine posterior chamber on mature cataract is….
Bscan
Pseudo proptosis seen in…
High myopia
Complication of corneal ulcer
Anterior staphyloma
Common cause of anterior uveitis
Idiopathic
Blunt trauma to eye causes recession of angle of eye because
Tear in ciliary body
Xray to view orbital floor fracture
Eaters view -nose chin
Transparency of cornea is due to
Endothelium
Mc cause of retinal detachment is due to
Myopia
Glaucomflecon is a feature of…
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Axial pro ptosis is ass with …
Optic glioma
Tarsal muscles are supplied by…nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Placid disc used for …disease
Keratoconus
Bigots spots seen in….disease
At ….portion of eye.
Vit a defiency
Bulbar conjunctiva
Metabolic disease ass with cataract
Galactosemia
Patho gnomic of trachoma
Bulbar follicles
Ptosis with weak orbicularis oculi is an early feature of …
Myasthenia gravis
Indicator of globe rupture
Contusion + HGE+ low IOP
Dangerous area of eye
Ciliary body
Mc ocular manifestation of mumps
Dacryoadenitis
Keyhole shaped visual field defect seen in lesion of …
Lateral geniculate body
Left sided Cn6 palsy will lead to…
Diplopia on left gaze
Feature of 6nerve palsy
Convergent squint
Loss of convergence with slight light reflex seen in…
Holmie adie pupil
Which extraocular muscle is spared in involvement of oculomotor nerve?
Abduction
Reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle upon lateral gaze is explained by ….
Sherrington law
Site of peribulbar injection
Outside muscle case
Corneal ulcer resembling fungal ulcer is…
Nocardia asteroids
Specific topical remedy for angular conjunctivitis is….
Zinc sulphate
Fluorescent dye for opthalmologic dx is injected into….
Antecubital vein
Tonography determines….
Outflow of aqueous humor
Perforated corneal ulcer leads to formation of ….
Anterior capsular cataract
Distant mets in RB seen in
Brain
Junction between retina and ciliary body is known as….
Ora serrata
Ciliary staphyloma is complication of ….
Scleritis
Retinal detachment ass with malignant melanoma of choroid is…
Exudative
Mitomycin C drops used for…
Pterygium
Region of cornea involved in early lesions of exposure keratopathy
Inferior 3rd
Feature of retrobulbar neuritis
Child with sudden LOV , painful ocular movement
White eye with no obvious sign on ophthalmoscopy.
Most important factor to determine convergence of light rays on retina
Curvature of cornea
Lateral rectus palsy characterized by….sm
Uncrossed diplopia
Snow blindness caused by
Uv rays
Rx for corticocavernous fistula
Balloon embolization
Use of A scan biometry
Axial length of eyeball measured for cataract surgery
Earliest sign in papilledema
Blurring of disc margins
Most common cause of amblyopia
Squint
Distance between 2 focal points created by different refractive power of lens or cornea in different meridian is….
Sturms choroid
Earliest sign in primary congenital glaucoma
Corneal edema with watering
Sign seen in RD
Shaffer sign
Instrument for calculating IOL power
Keratometer
Periphlebitis retina is known as ….
Eales disease
Low vision in pterygium seen in…
Astigmatism
Breach in descemts membrane seen in..
Bupthalmos
Which topically used anti glaucoma drug is non selective alpha agonist ?
Dipivefrine
Elschnig pearls seen in…
After cataract
Which layer involves in pterygium?
Bowman’s layer
Left homonymous hemianopia seen with…
Optic tract
Physiological change seen in near vision is…
Increase in depth of focus
Minimum angle of resolution when visual acuity is 6/6 is…
1 min of arc
Last field of vision to go in glaucoma is ….
Temporal
Neonatal blindness can occur if neonatal conjunctivitis is caused by …org
N . Gonorrhoea
Right prescription for simple myopic astigmatism
-2D spherical
+2D spherical x 180 degrees
55 year old male with Emmettropic eye due to presbyopia will require correction of…
2D
Dextroelevation during conjugate movement is caused by ….muscles
Left inferior oblique and right superior rectus
Nerve involved in efferent pathway of light reflex
Oculomotor nerve
Inner limiting membrane layer of retina formed by ….
Mullers cells
Mc concomitant squint is…
Esotropia
Glaucoma surgery that uses implant is….
Seton procedure
Frontalis sling operation is done for…
Child presenting with ptosis and weakness of LPS
Main reason behind development of papilledema in patient with SDH is…
Raised intracranial tension
Feature of paralytic squint (4)
- 60 yr old female
- H/o DM,HTN
- C/F diplopia and squint
- Secondary deviation more pronounced than primary lesion
Use of photostress test
Differentiate macular and optic nerve disease
Shifting fluid sign found in…
Exudative RD
Mc primary intraocular tumor in adults
Uveal melanoma
Mc cause of u/L proptosis in
Children
Adults
- Orbital cellulitis
- Thyroid opthalmopathy
Mc cause of B/L proptosis in children.
Neuroblastoma
Common dyes used for corneal staining
Rose Bengal
Fluorescene
Lissamine
Moorens ulcer seen in ….
C/f
Rx
Healthy men
Pain out of proportion,photophobia,redness,tearing
Immunosuppressions
Iron deposition in pterygium is known as ….
Stockers line
…..play am imp role in corneal hydration and transparency
GAG-keratin sulphate (50%)
Chodroitin sulphate
Chondroitin
Adhesion if margins of eyelid….
Adhesion of eyelid to eyeball
Thickening of lid margin….
1.Ankylobhlepharon
- Symbhlepharon
- Tylosis
Scleral thickening in elderly women with RA seen in….
Scleromalacia perforans
Pterygium arises only from …..area of eye
Interpalpebral fissure
Corneal ulcer where pain is out of proportion is seen in….
Acanthamoeba keratitis
Pseudogerontoxon seen in….
Spring catarrh
Corneal hydration maintained by…
Endothelium
Demarcation line in retrolental fibroplasia(retinopathy of prematurity) first seen in….
Stage 1
Cell bodies of mullers cells present in….
Inner nuclear layer
Rx for congenital glaucoma
Trabeculotomy
Syndrome Not ass with lens dislocation.
Usher syndrome
Features :
1. Deafness
2. Seizures
3. Mental retardation
4. Retinitis pigmentosa
5. Cataracts
Rx for congenital cataract
Poc: posterior capsulotomy
Anterior vitrectomy
Lens aspiration
Lensectomy
New advance in cataract surgery
Femtosecond laser
Not done for phacoemulsufication
Sclerocorneal tunnel
Blue dot cataract caused by…
Atopic dermatitis
Cover uncover test done for (2)
Strabismus
Heterophoria
Goldmann toninetry is …
Applantion Tonometry
In snellens chart eye subtends to an angle of..
5 min per arc
Extra set of eyelash emerging from posterior margin is called ….
Distichiasis
Ushers syndrome features (5)
- Deafness
- Mental retardation
- Seizures
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- Cataracts
