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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

DNA replication occurs in…..phase

A

S/synthetic phase

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2
Q

Bases in DNA (4)

Double helix structure is bonded together by …..

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

Hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that ..(2)

A
  1. Deoxyribose sugar of DNA is replaced by ribose moiety
  2. Instead of thymine, uracil is present in RNA
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4
Q

New synthesized strand is made in …

Restriction fragments can be analyzed using ….

A

5’-3’ direction

Gel electrophoresis

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5
Q

What is cistrone?

A

Smallest fundamental unit of coding for DNA synthesis

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6
Q

What is microsatellite sequence?

A

Short sequence repeats of DNA

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7
Q

Protein binding to DNA contain ….

Fidelity enzyme in protein synthesis is ….

A

Zinc

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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8
Q

AMBER codon is…..codon

Transposons are ……

A

Termination codon

Jumping genes

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9
Q

Abnormal purine bases are present in …..

Highest % of modified bases are present in…

A

tRNA

tRNA

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10
Q

Prokaryotic RNA is ….

Eukaryotic RNA is …..

A

70 s ( 30S & 50S)

80s (40 S & 60 S)

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11
Q

Normal role of microRNA is …..

Splicing activity is a function of …..

A

Gene regulation

Sn-RNA

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12
Q

Sigma subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase -function?

A

Specifically recognizes promoter site

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13
Q

Diseases associated with mitochondrial RNA (2)

A
  1. Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke like disorders- MELAS
  2. Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers- MERRF syndrome
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14
Q

Reverse transcriptase is ……

A

RNA dependent DNA polymerase

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15
Q

6 characteristic of genetic code is (6)

A
  1. Universal
  2. Triplet
  3. Non-overlapping
  4. Non-punctuated
  5. Exhibit wobbling
  6. Degenerate- more than 1 codon can specify a single amino acid.
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16
Q

Non-sense codon is ….

A

New codon is stop codon-usually non-functional

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17
Q

Northern blot is …..

Microarray/ DNA chips : …….

FISH/ fluorescence in situ hybridization is ….

A

RNA

DNA sequencing

Rapid method of chromosome identification

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18
Q

In PCR, oligonucleotides build copies of DNA using …..

Substances required for PCR (3)

A

Heat stable polymerase - Taq 1

  1. 2 primers
  2. Taq polymerase
  3. Magnesium
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19
Q

Advantage of PCR (3)

A
  1. Prenatal diagnoses: beta thalassemia
    PKU
  2. Dx of infection: TB,HIV
  3. Forensic medicine
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20
Q

Branched chain amino acid whose metabolism is abnormal in maple syrup urine disease …(2)

A

Valine
Isoleucine

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21
Q

Essential amino acids

A

PVT TIM HaLL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tyrosine
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine

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22
Q

Naturally occurring amino acids are ….

Most non polar amino acid is ….

Amino acid containing indole ring: ….

A

L-isomers

Leucine

Tryptophan

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23
Q

Ammonia is detoxified in brain to …..

Creatinine is synthesized from …(3)

A

Glutamine

Glycine
Arginine
Methionine

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24
Q

Buffering action of blood is due to ….

A

Histidine

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25
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins are …

A

Spatial relationship between individual polypeptide chains

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26
Q

Secondary structure (alpha helix and beta sheet) is stabilized by ….

A

Hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

What is SDS page used for ?

A

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used for
Separation and purification of individual proteins based on their molecular mass

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28
Q

SDS page is used for determining ….

Function of ion exchange chromatography

A

Molecular weight of protein

Separates proteins on basis of their charge

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29
Q

Hemoglobin electrophoresis is done on basis of ….

Molybdenum is a cofactor for ..(4)

A

Charge

  1. Xanthine oxidase
  2. DMSO reductase
  3. Sulfite oxidase
  4. Nitrate reductase
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30
Q

Enzyme activity is measured as ….

In competitive inhibition, …….same,…..increases

A

Micromoles/min

Vmax same
Km increases

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31
Q

In non competitive inhibition …..same,…..decreases

Coenzyme is …….

A

Km same
Vmax decreases

Non protein organic compounds

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32
Q

Abzyme is defined as …..
Ribozymes are defined as …..

A

Antibody with catalytic activity

RNA molecules with catalytic activity

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33
Q

Km reflects ……in (michaelis menton) relationship

A

Affinity of enzymes to that substrate - inverse relationship

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34
Q

Fumarase belongs to ……

Tyrosinase belongs to …..

Hexokinase belong to …..

A

Lyase

Oxidase

Transferase

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35
Q
  1. Modified koopany’s test is done for ….
  2. Guaicac test is done for …..
  3. Rothera’s test is done for …..
A
  1. Barbiturates
  2. Hematuria
  3. Ketone bodies
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36
Q

Gerhardt’s test is done for …..

Molisch test is done for …..

A

Ketosis

Sugar - color test

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37
Q

Millon test is done for …..

Sulkowitch test is done for …..

Biuret test is done for …..

A

Tyrosinosis

Urinary calcium

Protein

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38
Q

Features of vitamin A deficiency (3)

A
  1. Night blindness
  2. Xeropthalmia
  3. Follicular hyperkeratosis
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39
Q

Vitamin that prevents oxidation

Vitamin needed for gamma carboxylation

Vitamin which is post translation modifier

A

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Vitamin K

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40
Q

Wernicke’s korsakoff syndrome is associated with deficiency of …..

Consumption of egg may lead to deficiency of …..

A

Thiamine B1

Biotin

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41
Q

Extrinsic factor of Castle is …..

Scurvy is seen in deficiency of ….

A

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

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42
Q

Enzyme related to vit B1

Transketolase is associated with ….

A

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Thiamine B1

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43
Q

Enzyme related to biotin

Amino transferases are associated with …..

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

Pyridoxine

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44
Q

Haem in Hb lies in ……..

Haem in Hb is bonded to ….

Iron in Hb is present in ……

A

Hydrophobic pockets

E7 Histidine

Ferrous state

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45
Q

Iron in Hb is held by …..

Alpha2 gamma 2 is …..

A

Polar bonds

HbF

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46
Q

Role of branching enzymes

A

Converts glucose to glycogen

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47
Q

GLUT 2 is found in cellular membraneS of (5)

A
  1. Liver - primary
  2. Pancreatic B cell - Primary
  3. Hypothalamus- not overly significant
  4. Basolateral and brush border membrane of small intestine
  5. Basolateral membrane of renal tubular cells
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48
Q

Mature RBC lacks enzymes of ….cycle

Cancer cells derives energy by …..

A

TCA cycle

Anerobic glycolysis

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49
Q

Function of sodium fluoride

A

Anticoagulant added for estimating blood glucose ( added to prevent glycolysis)

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50
Q

Fluoride inhibits …..

Enzymes responsible for complete oxidation of glucose are present in ….

A

Enolase

Mitochondria

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51
Q

Substances which can prevent glycolysis (2)

A
  1. Potassium oxalate
  2. Sodium fluoride
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52
Q

Glycolysis is regulated at (3)

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. PFK
  3. Pyruvate kinase
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53
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs from ….amino acids (3)

Muscle cannot make use of glycogen as they lack ……

A

Glycerol
Alanine
Lactate

G-6-P

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54
Q

Most important enzyme involved in NADPH synthesis

A

G-6PD

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55
Q

Energy yield of stearic acid beta oxidation

Energy yield of HMP shunt

Energy yield of kreb’s cycle is ….

A

120 ATP

0

10 ATP

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56
Q

Energy yield of aerobic glycolysis

Energy yield of anerobic glycolysis

A

7 ATP

2 ATP

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57
Q

Enzyme deficient in Von gierke’s disease

Enzyme deficient in Anderson’s disease

A

G-6-P

Branching enzyme

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58
Q

Enzyme deficient in mc ardle’s disease

Lactic acid and hyperuricemia is a feature of …..

A

Muscle phosphorylase

Von gierke’s disease

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59
Q

Muscles are not involved in ….disease

Hypoglycemia, non responsive to epinephrine is a feature of ….disease

A

Von gierke’s disease

Von gierke’s disease

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60
Q

Most common enzyme deficient in galactosemia

Cataract occurs because of the accumulation of ……in galactosemia

A

Galactose -1-P uridyltransferase

Galactilol/ dulcitol

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61
Q

In galactosemia, substance present in urine is ….

Internal respiration is …..&…..

A

Reducing sugar

Exoergic and catabolic

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62
Q

Mitochondrial membrane protein contain transporter of …(3)

SGOT is a ……..enzyme

A

NAD
NADPH
ATP

Mitochondrial enzyme

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63
Q

In ETC, FADH gives …..ATP

Cyanide inhibits (3)

A

1.5 atp

  1. Cytochrome oxidase
  2. Complex 4
  3. Cellular oxidation
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64
Q

Complex 4 is inhibited by ….(4)

A
  1. cyanide
  2. CO
  3. Hydrogen sulphide
  4. Azide
65
Q

Uncoupler of oxidation and phosphorylation

Mono saturated fatty acids (2)

A

Dinitrophenol

  1. Oleic acid
  2. Elaidic acid
66
Q

Essential fatty acid (3)

Most essential fatty acid is …..

A
  1. Linoleic acid
  2. Linolenic acid
  3. Arachidonic acid

Linoleic acid

67
Q

Synthesis of fatty acid occurs in ….

Reducing equivalents for fatty acid synthesis are provided by …

A

Cytosol

NADPH

68
Q

Rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid synthase contains ….

A

Acetyl COA carboxylase

Acyl carrier protein & pantothenic acid

69
Q

Beta oxidation of odd chain FA produces …first …..final

A

Propionyl COA first
Succinyl CoA final

70
Q

Atp produced by beta oxidation of Palmitic acid is …..

Ketone bodies are formed in which organ…

A

106 ATP

Liver

71
Q

Ketone bodies are product of ….
Ketone bodies are produced from ….

A

Fatty acid metabolism

Acetyl CoA

72
Q

Normal excretion of ketone bodies is ….

Ketone bodies are utilized by conversion of …..

A

1mg/day

Acetoacetate to acetoacetyl COA

73
Q

Reduced/ absent lipoprotein levels in abetalipoproteinemia (3)

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
    3 LDL
74
Q

Activator of lipoprotein lipase is …..

Apoprotein associated with HDL ..(2)

Apo protein associated with LDL is ….

A

ApoC 2

Apo A1, Apo A2

ApoB100

75
Q

Lipoprotein with highest exogenous TG content

Apoproteins associated with chylomicrons

A

Chylomicrons

ApoA1, Apo A2, Apo B48

76
Q

Chylomicrons have least ……

First 2 reactions of urea cycle occurs in ….

A

Electrophoretic mobility

Mitochondria

77
Q

Aconitase is inhibited by …..

Succinate DH is inhibited by ……

Enolase is inhibited by ….

A

Fluoroacetate

Malonate

Fluoride

78
Q

Pentosuria is a feature of …..

A

Defect in glucuronic acid oxidation pathway.

79
Q

Apoprotein for cholesterol

Building blocks for fatty acid biosynthesis

A

ApoE

Acetyl CoA + NADPH

80
Q

Function of LCAT

Trace element needed for glutathione peroxidase

A

Conversion of cholesterol to cholesterol esters

Selenium

81
Q

Sideroblastic anemia is associated with deficiency of which vitamin

Cofactor for PFK

A

B6/pyridoxine

Magnesium

82
Q

In sickle cell anemia, translocation on codon 6 is due to substitution of …..

Vitamin deficiency resulting in Casal’s necklace

A

Glutamate to valine

Niacin

83
Q

Amino acid that becomes essential in PKU

End product of pyrimidine metabolism

A

Tyrosine

Beta alanine

84
Q

Rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis

Hormone which inhibits ketogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Insulin

85
Q

Most direct precursor of taurine

Onchronosis is because of accumulation of ……

A

Cysteic acid

Benzoquinone acetate

86
Q

Enzyme deficient in essential pentosuria

A

Xylitol DH

87
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis (2)

A

Pyruvate kinase
Phosphoglycerol kinase

88
Q

Creatinine is formed from 3 amino acids

Guthrie’s test is done for ……

A

Methionine
Arginine
Glycine

PKU

89
Q

Malonate inhibits …… enzyme

Rate limiting step in uric acid synthesis is catalysed by …….

A

Succinate DH

Xanthine oxidase

90
Q

Enzyme deficient in Gaucher’s disease

Function of chylomicrons

A

Beta glucosidase

Transport exogenous TG

91
Q

Element required for PFK

Best indicator of protein quality

A

Magnesium

Net protein utilization/NPU

92
Q

Enzyme required for conversion of aldolase to sugar

Reducing agents used in lipogenesis are derived from …..process

A

Phospho-trio-isomerase

HMP shunt

93
Q

Beta oxidation of FA produces …..

Relationship between lactate and epinephrine secretion with reference to blood sugar

A

Propionyl CoA

Increased gluconeogenesis

94
Q

In cancers, uric acid is high because…..

Telomerase is …..

A

Hyperactive purine synthesis

RNA dependent DNA polymerase - reverse transcriptase

95
Q

Ehlrich’s test is done for ……

A

Urobilinogen and phosphobilinogen in urine

96
Q

Benzidine test is done for …..

Apoprotein in LDL and VLDL is ….

A

Blood

ApoB100

97
Q

Major transporter of cholesterol in blood

Lipoprotein absent in serum

A

LDL

Chylomicrons

98
Q

Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

Rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

Tyrosine hydroxylase

99
Q

Secondary and tertiary structure of proteins are determined by ….method

Primary structure of protein is formed by which bond

A

X ray crystallography

Peptide bond

100
Q

Level of HBA12 is increased in which disease

Mineral known as glucose tolerance factor

A

Beta thalassemia trait

Chromium

101
Q

Only ketogenic amino acid are ….

Cofactor for AKG DH

A

Leucine, lysine

NAD

102
Q

Amino acid used in carnitine synthesis

Boiled cabbage or rancid butter smelling is a feature of ….

A

Lysine

Tyrosinemia

103
Q

FIGLU is an intermediate product of which amino acid

104
Q

Alpha oxidation of fatty acid takes place in …(2)

Primary ketone body is …..

A

Mitochondria
ER

Acetoacetate

105
Q

Arachnidonic acid is synthesized from ….

Lactate produced by glycolysis is utilized by which cycle (2)

A

Linoleic acid

Cori cycle
TCA cycle

106
Q

PFK is allosterically activated by ….

Coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase

A

Fructose 2-6 BP

Pyridoxal phosphate

107
Q

Plasminogen domain resembles …..

Chylomicron core is formed by …(2)

A

Apo A

Triglyceride
Cholesterol

108
Q

Hemolysis on oxidation occurs due to deficiency of ……

Cytochrome oxidase contains ….elements

A

G 6PD

Iron and copper

109
Q

Allosteric activator of acetylcoa carboxylase

Activated pantothenic acid is found in …..

A

Biotin

Coenzyme A

110
Q

Hypervitaminosis A induces damage to which organelle

Tertiary structure of protein is present in ….

A

Lysosomes

Beta keratin

111
Q

RNA polymerase recognizes…….site

Dna microarrays allow detection of gene mutations using …..

A

Promoter site

Hybridization

112
Q

Peptidyl transferase is an Eg of …..

Shine Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes is associated with ……

A

Ribozyme

Translation

113
Q

Which cycle is responsible for maintaining integrity of RBC membrane

Thiamine is essential for which enzyme

A

HMP shunt

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

114
Q

Citrate to cis-aconitase conversion is inhibited by ……

A codon codes for single amino acid. This is known as …..

A

Fluoroacetate

Unambiguous

115
Q

Which substance allosterically inhibits pyruvate DH?

Reason for ketosis in starvation

A

NADH

Increased beta oxidation

116
Q

Glutathione consist of 3 amino acids

A

Cysteine
Glutamate
Glycine

117
Q

Which technique is used for monitoring of DNA denaturation in vitro?

Which amino acid contains sulfhydryl groups as side chains ?

A

UV absorption

Cysteine

118
Q

Which is the most popular acceptable theory for oxidation phosphorylation?

Maximum energy is liberated by hydrolysis of….

A

Chemiosmotic theory

PEP

119
Q

NAD+ linked DH is ….

Lipoprotein increased in lipoprotein lipase deficiency

A

PDH

Chylomicrons

120
Q

Citrullinemia is due to deficiency of which enzyme?

Which vitamin is involved in decarboxylation?

A

Arginosuccinate synthase

Pyridoxine

121
Q

AST/ALT > 2 occurs in deficiency of which enzyme ?

Mineral required for cholesterol biosynthesis

A

Acid maltase

Magnesium

122
Q

Product formed by rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis

Retina is completely dependent on ……as fuel

A

Malonyl CoA

Glucose

123
Q

Which bond is preserved during denaturation of proteins?

Study of multiplication of proteins in disease process is known as …..

A

Peptide bond

Proteomics

124
Q

Complimentary RNA sequence of 5’ AGTCTGACT 3’

A

5’ UCAGACUGA 3’

125
Q

A molecule used to direct the presence of specific fragment of DNA or RNA

126
Q

Acetyl CoA carboxylase enzyme is present in which part of cell

Which amino acid bonds NH4+ covalently and makes it non toxic for transportation?

A

Cytosol and mitochondria

Glutamate

127
Q

Alcohol causes hypoglycemia due to ….

Histidine to histamine conversion is what type of reaction?

A

Decreased gluconeogenesis

Decarboxylation

128
Q

Glutathione is maintained in reduced state by help of ….

Nucleosome core is made of ….organelle

A

HMP shunt

Histones

129
Q

Amino acid required for transfer of 1 carbon unit

CPS-1 acts on which substance

A

Folic acid

Co2 and ammonia

130
Q

Trace metal needed by glutathione synthetase

Heme is synthesised from which substances

A

Magnesium

Glycine + succinyl Coa

131
Q

According to IUB classification of enzymes, 4th digit in enzyme refers to …..

Cholesterol ester transfer protein transport cholesterol from HDL to …..

A

Individual enzymes

VLDL

132
Q

Uronic acid pathway is important for formation of ……..

Mc glucogenic amino acid transported to the liver is …..

A

Glycosaminoglycans

Alanine

133
Q

Rate limiting step in HMP shunt

A

G-6-P ——> 6-phosphogluconolactone

134
Q

NAD+ acts as coenzyme for ……

Enzyme containing zinc

A

Malate DH

Carbonic anhydrase

135
Q

transketolase requires …..enzyme

Activity of denatured protein

A

TPP ( thiamine pyrophosphate)

Biologically inactive

136
Q

In mass spectrometer, peptide are studied by projection of …..

What is present at 3’end of tRNA ?

A

Hydrogen ion

CCA sequence

137
Q

PLP is the coenzyme form of which vitamin

138
Q

Use of enzyme Alglucerase is in ……d/s

Enzyme whose activity is increased in starvation

A

Gaucher’s disease

Pyruvate carboxylase

139
Q

Glucose oxidase converts glucose to ….

Structural proteins are …….proteins

A

Gluconic acid

Fibrous

140
Q

Flexibility of proteins depends on ….amino acid

Luminous proteins are …..

A

Glycine

Porphyrins

141
Q

Complete hydrolysis of DNA will not yield …..

Cobalt forms a component of vitamin …..

A

Adenosine

Vitamin B12

142
Q

Gluconeogenesis does not occur from …… substrate

Apoprotein A is found in ……

A

Palmitate

HDL

143
Q

Amino acid which lacks chirality

Amino acid which does not participate by alpha helix formation

A

Glycine

Proline

144
Q

Transamination of pyruvate and glutamic acid leads to formation of ……

Bromo-deoxy-uridine is related to DNA in ……..

A

Alpha keto glutarate

Thymidine

145
Q

A denaturing substance:

Triple helix structure is found in …..

A

Guanidine

Collagen

146
Q

True statement regarding covalent bonds

Major fate of glucose-6-phosphate in tissues in well fed state is ….

A

Opposite spin

Glycogen

147
Q

Property of photochromosity is a feature of ……aa

Cellular component of protein synthesis

A

Aromatic amino acids

Ribosomes

148
Q

hnRNA is seen in …..disease

Restriction endonuclease is for …..function

A

Spinal muscular dystrophy

Breaking double stranded DNA

149
Q

Allosteric inhibitor of acetylcoa carboxylase

Activity of which enzyme is closely associated with muscle

A

Citrate

Creatinine phosphokinase

150
Q

Entropy is a measure of …..

Most important feature of enzyme cascade system is …..

A

Energy that is not available for work

Feedback inhibition

151
Q

Inhibitory agent in a neuron is …..

Catabolism of tryptophan begins with formation of ……

A

Glycine

N-formyl-kynurenine

152
Q

Methionine is important in synthesis of ….

Hydrolysis of sucrose yields ….

A

Choline

Glucose and fructose

153
Q

Mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid is mainly found in …..

First product of glycogenolysis

A

Vitreous humor of eye

Glucose -1-P

154
Q

Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is fundamentally determined by …..

Amino acid used in carnitine synthesis

A

Base sequence of DNA

Lysine

155
Q

Genetic analysis contains a mutation of dystrophin in its promoter region. Most likely effect of this mutation is …..

A

Initiation of dystrophin transcription will be deficient

156
Q

In lead poisoning, there is inhibition of some of the enzymes of heme bio synthetic pathway. This is reflected by the accumulation of …..

A

DALA- Delta Amino Levulenic Acid

157
Q

Insulin increases activity of ..3 enzymes

A

PFK-1
Glucokinase
Acetyl CoA carboxylase

158
Q

Vitamin B1 is required for which reaction

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

Neet Pg (11 decks)

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