ENT Flashcards
Cauliflower ear is seen in …..
Hematoma of auricle-boxers and wrestlers
Parts of tympanic membrane (2)
Pars tensa
Pars flaccida -shrapnel membrane
Nerve supply of tympanic membrane (2)
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- Auricular branch of vagus
Normal appearance of tympanic membrane
Pearly white membrane
Chalky white membrane is seen in ….
Tympanosclerosis
Narrowest part of middle ear
Location of mesotympanum …..
Mesotympanum
Directly medial to tympanic membrane
Location of tegmen/roof of tympanum
Opposite to middle cranial fossa
Bony labrynth is ………bone
Contents of peri lymph (2)
Cancellous bone
Resemble CSF
Low K+,low Ca, high sodium
Investigation of choice for malignant otitis externa
Gallium CT scan
Mastoid reservoir phenomenon is associated with ……
Serous otitis media is AKA (2)
ASOM
Secretory otitis media
Glue ear
Special features of serous otitis media (4)
- Marginal perforation
- B shaped tympanogram
- Medical Rx ineffective
- Insertion of tympanostomy tube +_ adenoidectomy
Location of perforation in CSOM (2)
Safe CSOM: central
Unsafe CSOM: marginal
Complications of CSOM (4)
- Mastoiditis -mc complications of CSOM
- Brain abscess
- Bezold’s abscess (SCM)
- Gradenigo syndrome
Define bezold’s abscess
Gradenigo syndrome (5)
SCM abscess
- Retro orbital pain
- Photophobia
- Lacrimation
- CN 5&6 I/L CN involvement
- Otitis media
Special feature of cholesteatoma (4)
- Bony erosion
- Apex of petrous temporal bone
- Attic/posterior -superior marginal region
- Modified radical mastoidectomy
Cholesteatoma is AKA (2)
Epidermosis
Keratoma
Modified radical mastectomy spares …(2)
Tympanic membrane and ossicles
Pathognomonic sign of lateral sinus thrombosis (2)
- Grinsinger sign -tenderness and edema over mastoid process
- Tobey-Ayer test
Radical mastoidectomy is done for ….
Otosclerosis begins in …..
Atticoantral cholesteatoma
Fissula antefenestrum
Mc site of otosclerosis
Oval window
Presenting feature of otosclerosis (3)
- Positive family history
- Progressive B/L conductive deafness
- Paraccusis willisii-ability to hear well in noisy environment.
Appearance of tympanic membrane in otosclerosis
Surgical procedure of choice for otosclerosis
Flamingo pink TM.
Stampedectomy + prosthesis
Use of sodium fluoride in otosclerosis
Ménière’s disease is AKA
Prevent progression
Endolymphatic hydrops
Triad of Ménière’s disease (3)
Hearing loss -low freq SN
Tinnitus-nonpulsatile
Recurrent prostrating vertigo
Pathological change in inner ear in Ménière’s disease
Generalized dilatation of membranous labrynth
Increased predisposition of Bell’s palsy in ….
Diabetics
Features of glomus tumor (2)
- Mc SCC
- Multicentric,lymphatic Mets
Chemodectoma/ non chromaffin paraganglioma are seen at…(2)
- Area of Jacobson’s nerve in tympanic plexus on promontory of middle ear.
(Glomus tympanicus tumor) - Glomus jugulare body in jugular bulb of internal jugular vein (glomus jugulare tumor)
Rx for glomus tumor (2)
- Modified radical mastectomy
- Surgical pOC: excision of petrous temporal bone
Mc common involved structure of acoustic neuroma is …..nerve
Ototoxic aminoglycosides are : (3)
Superior vestibular nerve
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Neomycin
Ototoxic loop diuretics are …(2)
Furosemide
Ethacrynic acid
Features of pendred syndrome (2)
Deafness
Goiter
Features of usher syndrome (5)
- Seizures
- Deafness
- Mental retardation
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- Cataract
Features of Alport s syndrome (2)
Progressive sensorineural loss
Progressive severe GN
Presence of OAE positive means
Distinguishes between….
Outer hair cells of organ of corti are intact
Sensory from neural hearing loss
BAER is used for…
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials
Differentiating site of sensorineural hearing loss
Organism causing hemorrhagic otitis externa
Org causing otomycosis (2)
Influenza virus
Aspergillus Niger
Candida
Functions of nasal cavity (3)
- Warming
- Filtration
- Moistening of air
Opening of nasolacrimal duct is …..meatus
Opening of middle meatus is in…….(3)
Inferior meatus
1 maxillary sinus
2. Anterior ethmoidal sinus
3. Nasofrontal ducts
Opening in sphenoethmoid recess is …..
Sphenoid sinus
- Mucopurulent pus in middle meatus suggest ……
- Periodicity seen in….
- Sinusitis not seen at birth is …..
- Maxillary sinusitis
- Frontal sinusitis
- Frontal sinusitis
Definitive dx of sinusitis
FESS is used for ….(2)
Sinoscopy
Nasal polyps
Mucocele
Arteries contributing to little area (4)
Greater palatine artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Superior labial artery
Anterior ethmoid artery
Conditions where recurrent epistaxis is seen (3)
- DNS
- Atrophic rhinitis
- Maxillary ca
Most common cause of epistaxis in pubescent male
Mc cause of epistaxis in children
Mc cause of epistaxis in elderly
Angiofibroma
Trauma
HTN
Parosmia is…
Jarjavay fracture
Perception of bad smell
Horizontal fracture of nasal septum
Apple jelly nodules on nasal septum
Histological feature of rhinoscleroma
Lupus vulgaris
Mikulicz cells- foamy histiocytes
What is Ludwig’s angina ? (2)
Edema of floor of mouth
Involves submandibular space
What is ranula? (3)
- Thin walled
- Retention cyst
- Sublingual
Mc malignant tumor of adult male is ….
Premalignant conditions of oral cavity (3)
Oral cancer
- Leukoplakia
- Erythroplakia
- Oral submucosal fibrosis
Rx of malignant oral ca
- Surgery
Radiorx
Nasopharynx is …..(2)
Oval shaped
Opening of ET
Features of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
- Benign
- Vascular neoplasm-Bx C/I
- Millers sign
Mc site of juvenile angiofibroma
Posterior part of nasal cavity - close to sphenopalatine foramen
IOC for juvenile angiofibroma
RxOC for juvenile angiofibroma
CECT - Millers sign
Surgery-they are responsive to radiotherapy
Mc age group affected with nasopharyngeal cancer
Mc site?
4th-5th decade
Lateral wall of nasopharynx-fossa of rosenmuller
Nasopharyngeal cancer is associated with -(2)
- EBV infection
- Serous otitis media
Trotters triad
Conductive deafness
Palatal paralysis
Temporoparietal neuralgia
Mc organism for quinsy
Timing of tonsillectomy
Streptococcus
6 weeks after appearance-interval tonsillectomy
Primary function of larynx
Protection of airways
Adductor if vocal cords (2)
- Lateral cricoarytenoid
- Transverse cricoarytenoid
Nerve supply of cricothyroid
Rx for laryngomalacia
External laryngeal nerve
Reassurance
Maximum stridor is seen with…
Mc cause of vocal cord palsy
Most dangerous vocal cord palsy
B/L incomplete vocal cord palsy
Total thyroidectomy
B/L abductor palsy
B/L reccurnt laryngeal nerve palsy occurs in…(2)
Medialization of vocal cord is in ….
- Neuritis
- Thyroidectomy
Thyroplasty type 1