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Pharm II > Opthalamic and Kidney > Flashcards

Opthalamic and Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Which two antibiotic drug classes (and give specific names) treat corneal ulcers

A

1) Aminoglycosides (Tobra, Genti, Amikacin)
2) Penicillins (Ticarcillin - Clavulanate - Ampicillin/Cephalosporins)

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2
Q

First choice occular antibiotic for small animals

A

Chloramphenical

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3
Q

Which is first choice for non-specific corneal ulcers and conjunctivitis

A

Polymixin B (NPG or BNP)

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4
Q

Benefits of solution opthalamic drops

A
  1. Less effect on vision
  2. Less incidence of contact dermatitis
  3. Less toxic to occular structures
  4. Easier to apply
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5
Q

Disadvantages of solutions/suspensions

A
  1. High systemic absorption
  2. Short contact time
  3. Dilution effect
  4. Cost
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6
Q

Advantages of corneal ointment

A
  1. Longer contact time (becuase not dissolved in tears)
  2. Not diluted
  3. Protects cornea from drying
  4. Less expensive
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7
Q

Disadvantages of ointments

A
  1. Difficult to dose precisely
  2. Difficult to administer
  3. More contact dermatitis
  4. May delay epithelial wound healing
  5. Increased occular discharge
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8
Q

Dose of eye drops

A

1 drop

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9
Q

Dose of ointments

A

One 5mm strip

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10
Q

Which eye structures are reservoirs for drugs

A
  • Corneal lens
  • Uveal pigment (contains melanin –> binds)
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11
Q

Two ways to drain occular fluid (pathways). Name drugs that act on them

A
  1. Uveoscleral (Iatonoprost, Bimatoprost, Travoprost, prostaglandin analogus -BIT)
  2. Trabecular outflow (Pilocarpine - muscarinic agonist, topical miotic)
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12
Q

Which occular drugs act as neuroprotectors (classes)

A
  1. Amlopidine - Ca channel blocker hypertension in cats
  2. Memantine - NMDA antagonist
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13
Q

Which classes of drugs inhibit aqueous production

A
  • Alpha-2 agonist
  • Beta -2 antagonist : most prominent
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI)
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14
Q

Local carbonhic anhydrase inhitors opthalamic

A

1. Dorsolamide

2. Brinzolamide

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15
Q

Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A
  1. Acetazolamide – diuretic PT
  2. Methazolamide
  3. Dichlorphenamide
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16
Q

Which structures in eye give access to systemic circulation

A
  • Iris
  • Ciliary bodies
  • Nasolacrimal duct

All have lots of blood vessels

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17
Q

Local ocular distribution occurs via which structures

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Conjunctiva
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18
Q

Which drugs are diagnostic for uveitis in horses

A

ParasympaLYTICS —> mydriasis

  • Atropine

- Tropicamide

- Scopolamine

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19
Q

Which drugs are used for diagnosis anterior uveitis

A

SympathoMIMICS

Phenylephrine

Epinephrine

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20
Q

Which drugs cause miosis

A

(constriction)

Timolol acetate (sympaLYTIC)

21
Q

3 drug groups for antifungals

A

1. Polyenes

2. Azoles

3. Nucleoside analogs

22
Q

What are the two polyenes

A
  1. Amphotercin B (yeast)
  2. Natamycin (fungi, and fusarium)
23
Q

Which condition are you treating when you treat with antifungals

A

Keratomycosis

24
Q

Which three Azoles

A
  1. Miconazole (fungi, yeast)
  2. Itraconcazole (fungi)
  3. Clotrimazole (Aspergillus)
25
Q

Drug of choice for occular aspergillosis

A

Clotrimazole

26
Q

What is the nucleoside analog

A

Flucystosine (broad, fungi)

27
Q

Which drug is flucyostisine synergistic with

A

Amphotercin B

28
Q

Does Werners prefer ointments or eyedrops

A

Ointments - on eye longer

29
Q

Which ocular antifungal has resistance ?

A

Flucocystocine

30
Q

Which ocular antifungal lacks a commerical use?

A

Itraconazole (give with DMSO)

31
Q

Which two antifungals work against yeast?

A

Amphotercin B

Miconazole

32
Q

Viral conditions treated in the eye

A
  • Herpes keratitis, keratoconjunctivits
  • Putative viral superficial keratitis
34
Q

What are the ocular antivirals

A
  1. Deoxyuridine
  2. Trifluridine
  3. Aciclovir

4 Interferon gamme

  1. Lysine
  2. Diclofenac sodium
35
Q

Which antivirals are epitheliotoxi

A

Deoxyuridine

Triflurodine

36
Q

Which antiviral inhibits viral protein synthesis

A

Interferon gamma

37
Q

Which antivirals are teratogenic

A

Deoxyuridine

Trifluridine

38
Q

Which antiviral is least toxic

A

Acliclovir

39
Q

What do you use proteinase inhibiotrs for

A

Corneal ulcers

40
Q

Which proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum, acting on both the host and microbial proteinases

A

Plasma A2 macroglobulin

41
Q

Chelating agents for corneal ulcers

A

EDTA

Acetylcysteine

Tetracyclines

42
Q

Which proteinase inhibitor is mucolytic

A

Acetylcysteine

43
Q

Which proteinase inhibitor impairs epithelialization

44
Q

What are systemic proteinase inhibitor acting on the eye

A

Homologous plasma/serum (plus EDTA or Acetylcysteine)

45
Q

Which proteinase inhibitor works against pseudomonas

46
Q

Which proteinase inhibitor imedes extravasation of leukocytes

47
Q

Which anti-inflammatory do you NEVER use on damage cornea? Why?

A

Glucocorticoids –> impedes wound healing

48
Q

Which anti-inflammatory is used for Equine Recurrent Uritis. What is its effect

A

Cylcosporin A - immunosuppressive

49
Q

Which anti-inflammatory is best for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Anti-histamines

Pharm II (16 decks)

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