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Pharm II > Folic Acid Inhibitors > Flashcards

Folic Acid Inhibitors Flashcards

1
Q

Short acting sulfonamides

A

Sulfacetamide
Sulfamethizole
Sulfathiazole

Sulfisoxazole

Sulfachlorpyridazine

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2
Q

Which short-acting sulfonamide is good for opthalmic and topic preparations? Why?

A

Sulfacetamide (neutral pH)

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3
Q

Which short-acting sulfonamide is good for UTIs in small animals? Why?

A

Sulfisoxazole (very soluble and rapidly excreted)

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4
Q

Which short-acting sulfonamide is good for respiratory and enteric infections in youngsters (calves, swine)?

A

Sulfachlorpyridazine

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5
Q

If you wanted to give a short-acting sulfonamide to a calf with enteric infection, what would you give?

A

Sulfachlorpyridazine in the form of Vetisulid IV injection

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6
Q

Which short-acting sulfonamide is safe in youngsters?

A

Sulfachlorpyridazine

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7
Q

Intermediate acting sulfonamides

A

Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfapyridine

Sulfamethazine/sulfadimidine
Sulfadiazine

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8
Q

Which intermediate lasting sulfonamides is used for UTIs in small animals

A

Sulfamethoxazole

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9
Q

Which two sulfonamides are used to treat UTIs in small animals

A

Sulfasoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole

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10
Q

Which intermeidate acting sulfonamide is used for prophylactics in drinking water/feed

A

Sulfamethazine/sulfadimidine

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11
Q

Which intermediate acting sulfonamide is released from a sulfasilazine group?

A

Sulfapyridine

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12
Q

Long acting sulfonamides

A

Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamethazine

Sulfaethoxypyridazine

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13
Q

Enteric sulfonamides

A

Succinylsulfathiazole

Sulfasalazine
Sulfaquinoxaline
Sulfaguanidine

Phthalylsulfathiazole

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14
Q

Topical sulfonamides

A

Silver sulfadiazine

Mafenide

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15
Q

Important feature of enteric sulfonamides

A

Low solubility - poor absorption into systemic circulation.

Good for local action in GIT

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16
Q

Which sulfonamide is used for colitis in dogs

A

Sulfasalazine

17
Q

Which sulfonamide is used for coccidiosis in poultry

A

Sulfaquinoxaline

18
Q

Immunological toxicity of sulphonamides (2)

A
  1. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (pyridine ring induces hypersensitivity on lacrimal acinar cells)
  2. Hepatic necrosis (slow acetylation increases production of Hydroxylamine metabolites which are hepatotoxic)
19
Q

Non-immunological toxicity of sulphonamides (2)

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity (due to crystalluria post acetylation. Prevention = hydration, sodium bicarb, vegetarian diet)
  2. Blood dyscrasias
    a. hypothrombinemia
    b. aplastic anemia
    c. thrombocytopenia

(changes in cell count. Sulfaquinoxoline inhibits vit K epoxide reductase – no vit K, no hepatic clotting factors)

20
Q

T/F - Non-immunological toxicity of sulphonamides is reversible

A

Yes!

Blood dyscrasias is reversible by giving Vit K

21
Q

Which dog breed is sensitive to sulphonamides? What are the sensitivities?

A

Doberman Pinschers

Polyarthritis
Fever
Cutaneous eruptions
Hepatitis

22
Q

What can occur in dogs and ducks due to sulphonamide sensitivity

A

Hypoglycemia

23
Q

What can potentiated sulfas cause in dogs? Is this reversible?

A

Iatrogenic hypothyroidism

Targets thyroid peroxidase which synthesizes thyroxine (very reversible)

24
Q

How do sulphonamides become resistant? (2)

A

Chromosomal mediated resistance (slow)

Plasmid mediated resistance (fast)

25
Q

What are three consequences of sulphonamide resistance

A
  1. Impaired drug penetration
  2. Increased PABA production
  3. Sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase
26
Q

What is the efficacy predictor of sulphonamides

A

Type II (time dependent)

27
Q

MOA diaminopyrimidines

A

Reversibly binds/inhibits dihydrofolate (DHF) reductase in bacteria only

(doesnt affect human enzyme)

28
Q

Which diaminopyrimidine is specific for protozoa

A

Pyrimethamine

29
Q

Diamminopyrimidines (6)

A

‘TOP MAT’

Trimethoprim
Ormetoprim
Pyrimethamine

Metioprim
Aditoprim
Tetroxoprim

30
Q

T/F Potentiated sulfonamides are bacteristatic

A

No, CIDAL

31
Q

Potentiated sulfonamides (5)

A
  1. Sulfadiazine + Trimethoprim
  2. Sulfadoxine + Trimethoprim
  3. Sulfamethoxazole . Trimethoprim
  4. Sulfadimethoxine + Ormetoprim
  5. Sulfaquinoxaline + Pyrimethamine
32
Q

Which potentiated sulfa is used for horses

A

Sulfadiazine + Trimethoprim

33
Q

Which potentiated sulfa is for cows/pigs

A

Sulfadoxine + Trimethoprim

34
Q

Which potentiated sulfa is for dogs

A

Sulfadimethoxine + Ormetoprim

35
Q

Which potentiated sulfa is best for coccidiosis (and other protozoal infections)

A

Sulfaquinoxalne + Pyrimethamine

36
Q

Which antimicrobial class is best for aerobic gram+/gram- and protozoal infections

A

Potentiated sulfas

37
Q

How are potentiated sulfas metabolized

A

Liver:
- Sulfonamides (acetylation, glucuronation)

  • Diaminopyrimidines (oxidation and hydroxylation)
38
Q

T/F potentiated sulfas are well distributed

A

True - pass into CSF, placenta, milk…

Pharm II (16 decks)

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