Ophthalmology Flashcards
Cataracts
- Risk factors
- Exam findings
Risk factors:
Increasing age
Smoking
Excessive sunlight exposure
Diabetes mellitus
Glucocorticoid use
Exam findings:
Loss of red reflex
Decreased visualization of retinal detail
Herpes simplex keratitis
- Symptoms
- Triggers
- Exam findings
1. Symptoms:
Pain
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
2. Triggers:
Excessive sun exposure
Fever
Immunodeficiency
3. Exam findings:
Corneal vesicles with branching ulcers
Opacities
Macular degeneration
1. Atrophic (dry): Slowly progressive, bilateral vision loss
Exam shows drusen and patchy depigmentation in the macular region
2. Exudative/neovascular (wet): Unilateral, aggressive vision loss
Angle-closure glaucoma
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Symptoms:
Severe eye pain
Headache
Nausea/vomiting
Dilated and fixed pupil
- Diagnosis
Gonioscopy (using a special lens for slit lamp examination)
Hypertensive retinopathy
Other symptoms of severe hypertensive retinopathy: Headaches, eye pain, visual field defects
Microaneurysms
Characteristic of background diabetic retinopathy
Superolateral lens displacement (ectopia lentis)
Potential ocular complication of Marfan syndrome
Herpes zoster opthalmicus
Dendriform corneal ulcers
Treatment with high-dose acyclovir starting 72 hours after eruption reduces rate of complications
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Sudden onset eye pain, headache, nausea
Conjunctival erythema, corneal opacification, mid-dilated pupil
Gonioscopy: gold standard for dianosis
Tonometry if urgent opthalmological consultation is not available
Fluorescein staining of the eye
Used to detect corneal abrasions or herpes keratitis
HSV and VZV retinitis
Severe, acute retinal necrosis
Pain, keratitis, uveitis
Fundoscopic findings of peripheral pale lesions and central retinal necrosis
CMV retinitis
Painless
Fundoscopic findings: hemorrhages or fluffy or granular lesions around the retinal vessels
Signs of retinoblastoma
Leukocoria (retinoblastoma until proven otherwise)
Strabismus
Decreased vision
Ocular inflammation
Eye pain
Glaucoma
Orbital cellulitis
US/CT scan of a mass with calcifications
Conjunctivitis treatment
- Bacterial conjunctivitis
- Viral conjunctivitis
- Allergic conjunctivitis
Presbyopia
Common age-related decrease in lens elasticity that leads to difficulty with near vision.
Lisch nodules
Characteristic of Neurofibromatosis type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2
- Diagnosis
- Gene mutation
- Chromosome location
- Main clinical features
Neurofibromatosis 1: 15% of children will develop optic pathway gliomas – unilateral vision loss, proptosis, esotropia, and optic disc pallor
Contact-lens associated keratitis
Painful, red eye, opacification and ulceration of cornea
Pseudomonas
Serratia
Gram-positive
Anterior uveitis (iritis)
Conjunctival inflammation adjacent to the cornea, but the cornea iself is spared.
Episcleritis
Common cause of red eye
Distinguished by localized or patchy distribution and generally mild associated pain and discharge.
May occur in associatio with RA or other autoimmune disorders.
Self-limited, does not affect vision or cornea
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Caused by local trauma or Valsalva
Most cases are benign.
