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U World Step 2 > Female Reproductive System & Breast > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System & Breast Flashcards

1
Q

Most common histologic subtype of ovarian cancer

A

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma

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2
Q

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma

  1. Clinical presentation
  2. Laboratory findings
  3. Ultrasound findings
  4. Management
A
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3
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

  1. Clinical features
  2. Pathophysiology
  3. Comorbities
  4. Treatment options
A
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4
Q

High risk family history for breast cancer

A

Two 1st degree relatives with breast cancer, including one before age 50

Three or more 1st of 2nd degree relatives with breast cancer

1st or 2nd degree relative with breast & ovarian cancer

1st degree relative with bilateral breast cancer

Breast cancer in a male relative

Ashkenazi Jewish women with any 1st of 2nd degree relatives with breast or ovarian cancer

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5
Q

US Preventative Services Tast Force recommendations for breast cancer screening

  1. Definitely beneficial - recommended
A
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6
Q

Cervical cancer screening guidelines

  1. HIV
  2. Immunosuppressed (SLE, organ transplant)
  3. Age < 21
  4. Age 21-29
  5. Age 30-65
  6. Age >= 65
A
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7
Q

Bartholin gland abscess

A

Pain with walking, sitting, and sexual intercourse

Tender, fluctuan mass in the medial aspect of the labium majus at 4 or 8 o’clock

Incision and drainage

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8
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Dysuria

Sterile pyruria

Non-monogamous sexual contacts

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9
Q

Benefits and risk of combined estrogen-progestin contraceptives

  1. Benefits
  2. Risks
A
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10
Q
A

Lichen sclerosis

Causes intense pruritus and white atrophic plaques involving the vulvar and sometimes perianal skin but not the vagina

Punch biopsy confirms the diagnosis and rules out vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

Scaping for potassium hydroxide test

A

Performed when dermal candidiasis is suspected

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12
Q

Wet mount microscopy

A

Used to evaluate bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or vaginal candidiasis

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13
Q

Atrophic vaginitis versus lichen sclerosis

  1. Clinical features
  2. Treatment
A
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14
Q

Pharyngitis, fever, lower abdominal pain in a sexually active patient

A

Gonococcal pharyngitis with associated pelvic inflammatory disease

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15
Q

High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on pap

A

Require evaluation with immediate colposcopy

Can be treated with immediate loop excision in non-pregnant women

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16
Q

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause

  1. Symptoms
  2. Physical Exam
  3. Treatment
A
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17
Q

Differential diagnosis of vaginitis

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Examination
  3. Laboratory findings
  4. Treatment
A
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18
Q

Workup of palpable breast mass

A
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19
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A
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20
Q

Causes of urinary incontinence in elderly

  1. Genitourinary
  2. Neurologic
  3. Potentially reversible
A
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21
Q

Medications that cause urinary incontinence

A

Alpha-adrenergic antagonists (urethral relaxation)

Anticholinergics, opiates, calcium channel blockers (urinary overflow)

Diuretics (excess urine production)

22
Q

Disorders of sexual development

(Diagnosis, cause, breast development, reproductive organs, axillary and pubic hair, karyotype)

  1. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
  2. Mullerian agenesis
  3. Transverse vaginal septum
  4. Turner syndrome
A
23
Q

Genital development

A
24
Q

Anatomy of genital development (male and female)

A
25
Q

Emergency contraception options

  1. Method
  2. Mechanism
  3. Time after intercourse (hours)
  4. Efficacy
A

Misoprostol: prostaglandin analog used with mifepristone in the medical abortion mechanism. It works by stimulating uterine contractions. It has no effect on pregnancy prevention.

26
Q

PMS/PMDD

  1. Clinical features (occurring during luteal phase)
  2. Evaluation
  3. Treatment
A
27
Q

Evaluation of primary amenorrhea

A
28
Q

Role of hCG in pregnancy

A

Preservation of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy

Begins to be secreted 8 days after fertilization

Peaks at 6-8 weeks

29
Q

Differential diagnosis of Dysmenorrhea

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Clinical features
A
30
Q

Endometriosis (classic triad)

A

Dysmenorrhea

Dysparunia

Infertility

31
Q

Causes of abdnormal menstrual bleeding

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Clinical features
A
32
Q
A

Pelvic endometriosis

33
Q
A

Adenomyosis

34
Q

Benign breast disease (Diagnosis, clinical features)

  1. Breast cyst
  2. Fibrocystic changes
  3. Fibroadenoma
  4. Fat necrosis
A

Fat necrosis can mimic breast cancer bc it commonly presents as a fixed mass with skin or nipple retraction and gives the appearance of calcifications on mammagrophy.

Ultrasound can demonstrate a hyperechoic mass, which often correlates with a benign etiology.

Biopsy of fat necrosis is diagnostic and shows fat globules and foamy histiocytes

35
Q

Vaginal Cancer

  1. Type
  2. Epidemiology
  3. Risk factors
  4. Location of cancer
  5. Clinical features
  6. Diagnosis
A
36
Q
A

Dimpling of the skin strongly suggests inflammatory breast cancer

37
Q

Endometriosis

  1. Pathogenesis
  2. Physical examination
  3. Diagnosis
  4. Treatment
A

Noncyclic pain can be exacerbated by exercise

Endometrioma may be the only exam finding with a homogeneous cystic appearance on ultrasound

38
Q

Ovarian torsion

  1. Risk factors
  2. Clinical presentation
  3. Ultrasound
  4. Treatment
A
39
Q

Ovarian torsion versus appendicitis (or tubo-ovarian abscess)

A

An infectious etiology would be accompanied by fever and leukocytosis

40
Q

Acute abdominal/pelvic pain in women

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Clinical presentation
  3. Ultrasound findings
A
41
Q

Characteristics of ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (Disease, Causative agent, Features of primary lesion, Initial Lesion Painful?)

  1. Chancroid
  2. Genital herpes
  3. Granuloma inguinale
  4. Syphilis
  5. Lymphogranuloma venereum
A
42
Q

Syphilis - diagnostic serology

  1. Nontreponemal
  2. Treponemal
A
43
Q

Management of CIN3

A
44
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

  1. Symptoms
  2. Physical examination

3. Treatment

  1. Complications
A

Cervicitis can cause intermenstrual spotting.

Can be complicated by perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis disease), producing right upper quadrant pain

45
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

Autoimmune disorder caused by inflammatio of exocrine glands

Can cause generalized dryness of mucous membranes, including vaginal dryness

SS is associated with a significant risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

46
Q

Vaginismus

A

Dyspareunia due to muscle spasm that prevents vaginal penetration

47
Q

Indication for hormone replacement therapy

A

Treatment of vasomotor symptoms (e.g., hot flashes) in women < 60 who have undergone menopause within the past 10 years.

Contraindications to HRT: History of CAD, thromboembolism, TIA/stroke, breast cancer, endometrial cancer

48
Q

First line treatment for women with symptomatic hot flashes

A

Weight loss

49
Q

Indications for hospitalization for pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Regimens for hospitalized patients include IV cefoxitin or cefotetan plus oral doxycycline, or parenteral (IV) clindamycin plus gentamycin.

Outpatient regimen for PID: IM ceftriaxone + oral doxycycline.

50
Q

Selective estrogen receptor modulators

  1. Drugs
  2. Mechanism of action
  3. Indications
  4. Adverse effects
A

U World Step 2 (22 decks)

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