Ear, Nose, and Throat

Question 1

Approach to pharyngitis in children

Answer 1

Question 2

Torus palatinus

1. Etiology

Answer 2

Fleshy immobile mass on the midline hard palate in a young individual

1. Congenital

Question 3

Otosclerosis

Answer 3

Common cause of conducting hearing loss in adults, particularly in their 20s and 30s

Conductive hearing loss: Obstruction of external sound to inner ear

Sensorineural hearing loss: Involving inner ear, cochlea, or auditory nerve

Question 4

Whistling noise during respiration following rhinoplasty

Answer 4

Nasal septal perforation (resulting form septal hematoma)

Question 5

Aflatoxin B1

Answer 5

Mycotoxin that often contaminates agricultural products

Associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 6

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 6

Associated with reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus

Occurs most commonly in those from Asia, Africa, Middle East

Nasal congestion with epistaxis, headaches, cranial nerve palsies, and otitis media

Early spread to cervical lymph nodes

Question 7

Answer 7

Oral leukoplakia

Reactive precancerous lesion that represents hyperplasia of squamous epithelium

White patches or plaques over the oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off.

Risk factors: tobacco and alcohol use

Question 8

Answer 8

Aphthous stomatitis

Localized, shallow, painful ulcers with a gray base

Most common cause of oral ulcers

Question 9

Answer 9

Thrush

Diabetes, immunodeficiency, use of antibiotics or inhaled glucocorticoids.

Can be scraped off with a tongue depressor (unlike leucoplakia)

Question 10

Answer 10

Gingivostomatitis

Caused by HSV-1