Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Revision > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Features of anterior uveitis (6)

A

Anterior uveitis = iritis = iridocyclitis

  • acute onset
  • irregular pupil
  • photophobia
  • red eye
  • lacrimation
    • flares and cells in anterior chamber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Associates conditions to anterior uveitis (4)

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What eye condition is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Scleritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Management of anterior uveitis

A

Urgent ophthal review

1.Cycloplegics - cyclopentate
=dilates pupil to prevent adhesion between lens and iris
= relieves pain and photophobia

2.prednisolone drops - reduce inflammation

Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anterior uveitis vs acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG)

A 
AU = 
marked photophobia 
Cells + flares in anterior chamber 
Irregular* pupil - distorted , sluggish reaction
Variable IOP
Keratitis precipitates on cornea
AACG =
Mild photophobia, shallow anterior chamber w/ hard globe on palpating
Fixed semi-dilated oval pupil
High IOP
Hazy/cloudy dull cornea
Nausea + vomiting +**dark room.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment of AACG

A 
Pilocarpine
Acetazolamide
Beta blockers - timolol
Steroids
Analgesics 
Antiemetic
Surgery - peripheral iridotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stages of diabetic retinopathy

A
  1. Non proliferative
  2. Pre proliferative
  3. Proliferative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non proliferative retinopathy features

A

Dots + blots + hard exudates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pre - proliferative retinopathy features

A

Dots + blots + hard exudates + cotton wool spots *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proliferative retinopathy features

A

Dots+ blots + hard exudates + Cotton wool spots

+ neovascularisation**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment of proliferative retinopathy

A

Laser photo coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy on fundoscopy

A

Macular oedema + hard exudates + dots + blots

AV nipping + copper/silver wiring +flame shaped haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Management of hypertensive retinopathy

A

Control HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What eye condition is associated to multiple sclerosis

A

Optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Features of optic neuritis

A

Swollen pale optic disc
Eye pain esp on movement
Reduced vision
Reduced colour vision * RED first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Affected structure in optic neuritis

Management

A

Optic nerve

Corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Management of multiple sclerosis
Acute
Long term

A

Acute = initial methyl pred oral or IV

Long term = Glatiramer acetate or interferon beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion CRAO

Features

A

CRA - branch of ophthalmic - branch of Internal carotid a.
Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision
Fundo - pale/white retinue + cherry red spot at macula + vessel attenuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment of CRAO

A

<100 mins of symptoms = firm ocular massage to dislodge occlusion
+ refer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CRAO is associated with?

A

Giant cell arteritis / temporal arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CRVO features

A

Sudden painless loss of vision
Hemorrhagic retina - flame shaped
Swollen macula
Engorged tortuous veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RF for cataracts

A

High myopia
Long term ORAL steroid use - asthma , COPD, RA, DM

Significant exposure to UV light
Eye trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Features of cataracts

A

Glare at night - lights appear brighter
Dazzling halos
Frequent change of glasses - refraction changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fundoscopy of cataract

A

Dense opacities - cloudy lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Features of viral conjunctivitis
Commonest organism
Treatment

A

Redness , no pain
No discharge or serous discharge
Commonly after URTI

Adenovirus

Reassure + supportive (artificial tears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Self care , clean

If longer than week - topical antibiotics = chloramphenicol drops 
Fusidic acid ( choice for pregnant women )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Features + Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Bilateral redness + chemo sis + itching
Swollen eyelids/conjuctiva

Topical antihistamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Transient loss of vision , sudden + painless
“Curtain falling down”
Dx?

A

Amaurosis fugax - transient occlusion of central retinal a.

Resolves in 5-30 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sudden painless loss of vision + curtain fall + grey opaque retina ballooning forwards
Dx?
Tx?

A

Retinal detachment
- flashers. Floaters , visual field loss

Tx - scleral buckling.
Tilt head backwards , surgical/mechanical reattachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Night blindness + peripheral vision loss (tunnel vision)
Hereditary
Dx?
Next step?

A

Retinitis pigmentosa - X linked
Referral (routine) to ophthalmologist

  • progressive - eventually ends in central blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

HIV + visual deterioration + retinal haemorrhage and white -yellow **exudates
Dx?

A

CMV retinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Treatment of orbital cellulitis

A

Admit

IV antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What nerve is involved in herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

Trigeminal (5) - ophthalmic branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Features of herpes zoster ophthalmicus
Treatment
Complications

A

Conjunctivitis + keratitis
Pain around eye + painful vesicles/rash

Acyclovir

C- keratitis - dendritic corneal ulcer = treat with topical acyclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fundoscopy findings of retinitis pigmentosa

A

Black bone spicule shaped pigmentation

Mottling of retinal pigment epithelium

36
Q

What is papilloedema?
Causes
First sign

A

Optic disc swelling caused by raised ICP
Almost always bilateral

Space occupying lesions , malignant HTN

1st sign = venous engorgement

37
Q

Affected part in papilloedema

A

Optic DISC

38
Q

Risk factors of retinal detachment

A

Myopia
Extraction of cataracts surgically
History of trauma

39
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV positive
CD4 > 200
(4)

A

Thrush - Candida albicans
Shingles - herpes zoster
Hairy leukoplakia - EBV
Kaposi sarcoma - HHV-8 human herpes virus 9

40
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV positive
CD4 <200 cells/mm3
(4)

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (Carini) pneumonia
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
Oesophageal candidiasis - C. Albicans
CMV retinitis - esp if CD4 < 50

41
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Features
Management

A

No symptoms
Small bleed - spontaneous or post trauma

Check BP. - R/O systemic HTN
if on anticoagulant - check INR
If spontaneous, no trauma = reassure

42
Q

Eye signs of graves

Most appropriate investigation

A 
Lid lag 
Lid retraction
Exophthalmos
Diplopoda 
Ophtlamoplegia

TFT!

43
Q

3rd nerve palsy features

Investigation of choice

A

Diplopoda
Ptosis
Mydriasis - fixed dilated pupil
Out + down deviation

Ct angio

44
Q

What is a Marcus Gunn pupil

A

RAPD - relative afferent pupillary defect
Caused by lesion anterior to optic chiasm e.g. optic n, retina

Light to intact eye = both constrict
Light to affected eye - both dilate

45
Q

Cause of RAPD

A

Retinal detachment

Optic neuritis

46
Q

Optic neuritis with RAPD

Type of visual field loss?

A

Monocular visual field loss
(Also seen in amaurosis fugax)

**usually optic neuritis associated with central scotoma

47
Q

Where is central scotoma seen?

A

Optic neuritis

Macular degeneration

48
Q

Vision loss in acromegaly and pituitary adenoma

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

49
Q

What kind of halos are seen in AACG

A

Coloured halos

50
Q

Schirmers test < 10 mm
Dx?
Tx?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Artificial tears - hypromellose /NaCl / sodium hyaluroanate

51
Q

Treatment of acute dacryocystitis

A

Systemic antibiotics

IV if there’s associated periorbital cellulitis

52
Q

CRAO vs BRAO

A

CRAO - complete loss of vision + other features

BRAO - no complete loss of vision , areas of loss correspond with affected branch
Fundoscopy - wedge shaped area of pallor, rest of retina spared

Treatment for BOTH is firm ocular massa

53
Q

Cause of glaucoma

Risk factors

A

Impaired aqueous outflow - increased IOP

RF - hypermetropia + pupillary dilatation

54
Q

Medical management of Glaucoma (AACG)

A

IV acetazolamide - reduces aqueous secretions
Pilocarpine - pupillary constrictions
Beta blocker (timolol)
, steroids , analagesia

Once stable — refer urgently to ophthalmologist

55
Q

Surgical management of AACG

A

Peripheral iridotomy

Surgical iridectomy

56
Q

Management of cluster headache
Acute phase
Prophylaxis

A

Acute phase - 100% Oxygen 10 -20 mins
Sumatriptan - nasal or subcutaneous

If 1st time - refer to specialist for CT to r/o other ddx

P- verapamil (calcium channel blocker)

57
Q

Preseptal vs orbital cellulitis

A

Preseptal - no reduced VA, proptosis to ophthalmoplegia/pain with eye movements

58
Q

Ddx for seeing halos

A

Cataract - dazzling halos

AACG - coloured halos

59
Q

Commonest eye association in rheumatoid arthritis

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

60
Q

What happens when the following nerves are affected

3rd, 4th, 6th

A

3rd - occulomotor
Same side - dilated pupils +ptosis

4th - trochlear
Opp Side, Diplopia on downgaze

6th - Abducens
Same side - diplopia later gaze

61
Q

Progressive decrease in VA + peripheral field vision in elderly short sighted person
Dx?

A

Open angle glaucoma

62
Q

Features of open angle glaucoma (7)

A 
Nasal scotoma - Tunnel vision
Decreased VA
Optic disk cupping **
>60
Family Hx +black people + myopia
63
Q

What can myopia cause?

A

Open angle glaucoma
Cataract
Retinal detachment

64
Q

What can hypermetropia cause ?

A

AACG

65
Q

Name the degenerative corneal diseases

A 
Kill The Blue Parrot 
K - keratoconus 
T- terrier marginal degeneration 
B- band keratopathy 
P- pellucid marginal degeneration
66
Q

What is mooren’s ulcer

Management

A

Painful peripheral corneal ulceration + absence of scleritis/ systemic autoimmune disorder

Progressive in nature

Tx - topical corticosteroid , conjunctival resection

67
Q

D- shaped pupil seen in

A

Iridodialysis

68
Q

Management of chalazion

A

Most resolve spontaneously
Warm compress

If after 4 weeks conservative management it is still present
= refer to ophthalmologist

69
Q

What ocular side effects do citalopram citalopram and fluoxetine have?

A

AACG

Citalopram - SSRI
TCA - clomipramine

70
Q

What is Ramsay hunt syndrome?
Features
Treatment

A

Herpes zoster oticus
- reactivation of VZV in geniculate ganglion of facial nerve
== ipsilateral facial palsy, loss of taste
- otalgia - 1st symptom, painful rash on auditory canal

Oral acyclovir + corticosteroids + amitriptyline

71
Q

Most common bacteria causing orbital cellulitis

A

Streptococcus
Staph aureus
HiB

72
Q

What is Charles bonnet syndrome?

Initial investigation

A 
Visual hallucinations (only visual) - not real 
- caused by failing eyesight

Slit lamp exam

73
Q

What are the 2 types of hallucination in Charles bonnet syndrome

A
  1. Simple repeated patterns - grids, shapes, lines
  2. Complex images of people object and landscapes

Last for few minutes

74
Q

Left homonymous hemianopia

Where is the lesion?

A

Right optic tract

75
Q

Homonymous quadrantopias

Lesions

A

PITS
Parietal- inferior, temporal-superior

Superior = inferior optic radiations in Meyers loop (temporal lobe)
Inferior = superior optic radiations in parietal lobe
76
Q

Incongruous defects - lesion is on

A

Optic tract

Incongruous defect = incomplete or asymmetrical visual field loss

77
Q

Congruous defect - lesion is on

A

Optic radiation or occipital cortex

Congruous defect = complete or symmetrical visual field loss

78
Q

Macula sparing homonymous hemianopia

Lesion is -

A

On the occipital cortex

79
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia is a lesion on

A

Optic chiasm

If upper > lower defect - inferior chiasm compression - pituitary tumour
If lower > upper - superior chiasm - craniopharyngioma

80
Q

Most common cause of blindness in the uk

Features (6)

A

Age related macular degeneration (irreversible)

> 70 mostly
Loss or visual disturbance - night mostly
Loss of contrast vision
Difficulty recognising faces
Micropsia - objects appear smaller
Metamorphopsia- straight lines appear wavy

81
Q

Key feature of Age related macular degeneration

A

Degeneration of the central retina (macula)
Changes are usually bilateral

Degeneration of retinal photoreceptors — drusen formation (seen on fundoscopy)

82
Q

Initial investigation for age related macular degeneration

A

Slit lamp

Colour fundus photography - to provide baseline for comparison

83
Q

Traditional 2 types of macular degeneration

A
  1. Dry = 90% — geographic atrophy -DRUSEN (yellow round spots in bruch’s membrane)
  2. Wet = 10% - exudative, neovascular
    - choroid also neovascularisation
    - serous fluid + blood leakage — rapid loss of vision - worst prognosis
84
Q

Updated 2 types of age related macular degeneration

A
  1. Early — non exudative
    = drusen and alterations to retinal pigment epithelium
  2. Late - exudative, neovascularisation
85
Q

What do you if tip of nose is involved in herpes zoster ophthalmicus?
What is it called?

A

+ve Hutchinson sign

Occurs in immunosuppressed , immunocompromised

Admit for IV acyclovir

86
Q

Dendritic ulcers on cornea sen on fluorescein dye

Dx?

A

HSV keratitis

Revision (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions