operant conditioning

Question 1

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 1

something desired (a reward) is given in response to a behaviour which encourages repetition of desired behaviour

Question 2

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 2

sonething undesired is taken away in response to a behaviour which encourages repetition of desired behaviour

Question 3

what is positive punishment?

Answer 3

something undesired is given as a result of an unwanted behaviour to dicourage the behaviour from reoccuring

Question 4

what is negative punishment?

Answer 4

something something pleasant is removed as a result of an unwanted behaviour to discourage the behaviour from reoccuring

Question 5

2 examples of positive reinforcement:

Answer 5

-pocket money for cleaning your room
-a favourite food for good grades on a test

Question 6

2 examples of negative reinforcement:

Answer 6

-avoiding spiders if you have arachnophobia to avoid the feeling of fear
-car beeping stops when you put on your seatbelt

Question 7

2 examples of positive punishment:

Answer 7

-speeding resulting in a speeding ticket
-talking in class resulting in a detention

Question 8

2 examples of negative punishment:

Answer 8

-taking away a misbehaving child’s favourite game
-banning a loud person from a cinema

Question 9

primary reinforcement:

Answer 9

reward that meets basic needs

Question 10

secondary reinforcement:

Answer 10

rewards that do not meet basic needs but are satisfying

Question 11

are meals a primary or secondary reinforcement?

Answer 11

primary

Question 12

is pocket money a primary or secondary reinforcement?

Answer 12

secondary

Question 13

fixed ratio:

Answer 13

a reinforcement is given when a specific amount of desired behaviours are met

Question 14

variabe ratio:

Answer 14

a reinforcer is given when an unpredicatable number of desired behaviours are met

Question 15

supporting study:

Answer 15

-skinner’s box: rat placed in box quickly learnt to press a lever for a reward food pellet showing reward leads to learning.

Question 16

2 critical studies:

Answer 16

-pavlov’s dogs: conditioned via combining a nonconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus
-bandura: learning is through observation and immitation