Oncology Flashcards
what is cancer
abnormal cells dividing in an uncontrolled way
gene changes
stimulates own blood supply
local invasion
what is the epidemiology of children’s oncology
<1% of all cancers
what is the most common cancer in children
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
brain tumour
most cancers are sporadic
what is the classification of cancer
international classification of childhood cancer
based on morphology and primary site
what is the cause of cancer in children
genes
environment
what is the diagnostic journey
biological onset of disease symtpoms onset seek medical attention recognise cancer investigations, diagnosis, treatment
what is the presentation of under 5 of cancer
recurrent vomiting abnormal balance abmoral eye movements behaviour change fits and seizurees
what is the presentation of 5-11 cancer
recurrent vomitng recurrent headache abnormal balance blurred vision seizures
what is the presentation of 12-18
recurrent vomitng recurrent headache abnormal eye movements blurred or double vision abnormal balance fits and seizures
what requires immediate referral
unexplained petechia
hepatosplenomegaly
what requires an urgent referral
repeat attendance with same problem
new neuro symptoms
abdominal mass
what requires a referral
resting pain
back pain
unexplained lump
lymphadenopathy
what investigations would you do fro suspected cancer
scans
biopsy
tumour markers
staging
what is the treatment
MDT approach
chemo
surgery
radiotherapy
what are acute side effects of chemo
hair loss nausea vomiting diarrohea consitpation
what are chronic side effects of chemo
organ impairment
reduced fertility
second cacner
what is acute effects of radiotherapy
lethargy
skin irritation
swelling
what is the chronic effects of radiotherapy
fibroids
second cancer
reduced fertility
what are oncological emergencies
sepsis raised iCP spinal chord compression medistinal mass tumour lysis syndrome
what is the cause of sepsis
<1 month
- group b strep
- e.coli
- listeria
children
- strep pneumonia
- meningicoci
- haemophulius influenza
what is the presentation of sepsis
fever
rigors
drowsiness
shock
what is the management for sepsis
iv access blood culutre CXR urine culture sputum culture LP
what is the signs of raised IC{
early- headache, vomitng, fontanelle
late-constant headache, papillodema, loss of gaze, neck stiffness
what is the treatment for raised ICP
dexamethasone
ventriculostomy
VP shunt
what is the pathology of spinal chord compression
invasion of paravertbral disease via intervertebral foramina
what is the presentation of spinal chord comprssion
weakness
pain
sensory
sphincter disturbance
what is the treatment for spinal chord compression
urgent MRI
dexamethasone
chemo or sugrery
what is SVC syndrome
obstruction of blood flow through SVC
what is the presentation of SVC syndrome
faciel and neck odema
cyanosis
anxious
reduced GCS
what is tumour lysis syndrome
rapid death of tumour cells
release of intracellular contents
what are sings of tumour lysis syndrome
increase postassium
increase urate
increase phosaphate
acute renal fialure
what is the management of tumour lysis syndrome
avoidance
ECG monitoring
diuresis
urate oxidase
