Oncology

Question 1

what is cancer

Answer 1

abnormal cells dividing in an uncontrolled way
gene changes
stimulates own blood supply
local invasion

Question 2

what is the epidemiology of children’s oncology

Answer 2

<1% of all cancers

Question 3

what is the most common cancer in children

Answer 3

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
brain tumour
most cancers are sporadic

Question 4

what is the classification of cancer

Answer 4

international classification of childhood cancer

based on morphology and primary site

Question 5

what is the cause of cancer in children

Answer 5

genes

environment

Question 6

what is the diagnostic journey

Answer 6

biological onset of disease
symtpoms onset
seek medical attention
recognise cancer
investigations, diagnosis, treatment

Question 7

what is the presentation of under 5 of cancer

Answer 7

recurrent vomiting
abnormal balance
abmoral eye movements
behaviour change
fits and seizurees

Question 8

what is the presentation of 5-11 cancer

Answer 8

recurrent vomitng
recurrent headache
abnormal balance
blurred vision 
seizures

Question 9

what is the presentation of 12-18

Answer 9

recurrent vomitng 
recurrent headache
abnormal eye movements
blurred or double vision
abnormal balance 
fits and seizures

Question 10

what requires immediate referral

Answer 10

unexplained petechia

hepatosplenomegaly

Question 11

what requires an urgent referral

Answer 11

repeat attendance with same problem
new neuro symptoms
abdominal mass

Question 12

what requires a referral

Answer 12

resting pain
back pain
unexplained lump
lymphadenopathy

Question 13

what investigations would you do fro suspected cancer

Answer 13

scans
biopsy
tumour markers
staging

Question 14

what is the treatment

Answer 14

MDT approach
chemo
surgery
radiotherapy

Question 15

what are acute side effects of chemo

Answer 15

hair loss 
nausea
vomiting
diarrohea
consitpation

Question 16

what are chronic side effects of chemo

Answer 16

organ impairment
reduced fertility
second cacner

Question 17

what is acute effects of radiotherapy

Answer 17

lethargy
skin irritation
swelling

Question 18

what is the chronic effects of radiotherapy

Answer 18

fibroids
second cancer
reduced fertility

Question 19

what are oncological emergencies

Answer 19

sepsis
raised iCP
spinal chord compression
medistinal mass
tumour lysis syndrome

Question 20

what is the cause of sepsis

Answer 20

<1 month

• group b strep
• e.coli
• listeria

children

• strep pneumonia
• meningicoci
• haemophulius influenza

Question 21

what is the presentation of sepsis

Answer 21

fever
rigors
drowsiness
shock

Question 22

what is the management for sepsis

Answer 22

iv access
blood culutre
CXR
urine culture
sputum culture 
LP

Question 23

what is the signs of raised IC{

Answer 23

early- headache, vomitng, fontanelle

late-constant headache, papillodema, loss of gaze, neck stiffness

Question 24

what is the treatment for raised ICP

Answer 24

dexamethasone
ventriculostomy
VP shunt

Question 25

what is the pathology of spinal chord compression

Answer 25

invasion of paravertbral disease via intervertebral foramina

Question 26

what is the presentation of spinal chord comprssion

Answer 26

weakness
pain
sensory
sphincter disturbance

Question 27

what is the treatment for spinal chord compression

Answer 27

urgent MRI
dexamethasone
chemo or sugrery

Question 28

what is SVC syndrome

Answer 28

obstruction of blood flow through SVC

Question 29

what is the presentation of SVC syndrome

Answer 29

faciel and neck odema
cyanosis
anxious
reduced GCS

Question 30

what is tumour lysis syndrome

Answer 30

rapid death of tumour cells

release of intracellular contents

Question 31

what are sings of tumour lysis syndrome

Answer 31

increase postassium
increase urate
increase phosaphate
acute renal fialure

Question 32

what is the management of tumour lysis syndrome

Answer 32

avoidance
ECG monitoring
diuresis
urate oxidase