Neonatology Flashcards
what is the definition of a neonate
neonate is an infant int he first 28 days after birth
when does the development of CVS occur
begins toward the end of the third week
heart starts to beat at the beginning of 4th week
critical days 20-25 days after fertilisations
where does oxygenated blood come from
umbilical vein
what is the function os ductus venous
takes blood from oxygenated umbilical vein to IVC
what is ductus arteriosos
protects the lungs against circulatory overload
connects trunk of pul artery to descending aorta
what is the BP of 1 hour child
70/44
what is bp after 1 day
70+-9/42+-12
what is bp after 3 days
77+-12/49+-10
what is the resp rate
30-60/ min
what is the HR
120-160
what is tachycardia
> 160
what is bradycardia
<100
how to neonates thermoregulate
lack shivering
brown fat used to make heat
how is heat lost
radiation
convection
evaporation
conduction
describe jaundice in neonates
appears day 2-3 up to 21 days in premature infants most come from haemoglobin metabolised in the liver can cause irreversible changes in the brain
how do you treat jaundice
exchange transfusion and phototherapy
how is fluid balanced in new borns
weight loss up to 10% is normal
how if fluid balanced jn premature infants
less fat increased loss through kidney slower GFR reduced na absorption decreased ability to concentrate or dilute urine insensible water loss
what is anaemia in a new-born
born with hb 15-20g/l week 10 hb 11.4g/l anaemia caused by reduced erythropoiesis infection blood letting
what are the maternal causes of SGA
pre-eclampsia
what are the foetal causes of SGA
chromosomal
infection
what are the placental causes of SGA
placental abruption
what are other causes of SGA
twin pregnancy
blood is shunted from one twin to another
what are common problems of SGA
peritonea hypoxia hypoglycaemia hypothermia polycythaemia thrombocytopenia GI and feeding problems
what is the management of a preterm baby
NUTRITION
enormous nutrition
patients triple their size
building new function tissue
what are long term problems with being preterm
hypertension
reduced growth
ismchaemic heart disease
what is respiratory distress syndrome
when the lungs aren’t fully developed and cannot provide organs with 02
treat with surfactant
prevent with steroids for the mum
what is broncho-pulmonary dysplasia BPD
caused by the over stretch of lungs happens when use of a respirator can be caused by infection inflammatory changes and scarring treat with nutrition and steroids
how do you treat apnoea
double espresso
what is intravenricular haemorrhage IVH
bleeding into the ventricles of the brain
treat with steroids and drainage
what is persistent ductus arteriosis
leads to pressure from aorta going to pul artery additional blood to pulmonary circulation over perfusion of legs leg oedema steals from systemic circulation retention of fluid GI problems right sided heart failure
what is necrotising entero-colitis NEC
inflammatory and ischeamic changes
necrosis of the bowel
what are the outcomes of extreme prematuirty
unpredictable deterioration between 2 and 6 some die some have mild disability some have severe disability
what are benign conditions or ones that revolve themselves
plethora cyansis erythema toxicum Mongolian blue spot stork marks port wine stain strawberry navus
what is the useful triad
pink sweet warm hypoxia hypoglycaemia hypothermia
what are symptoms of hypoglycaemia
jitteriness temperature instabulity lethargy vomitng poor suck seizures
what is the cause of a cleft lip
failure of formation from medial and axially nasal process
what is the pathology of jaudice
uncongugated bilirubin in the blood
liver enyzyme pathways are immature
what are the causes
haemolysis
congenital infection
sepsis hypothyroidism
pyloric stenosis
what are the symptoms of sepsi
pyrexia poor feeding lethargy early jaundice floppy
what is the treatment for sepsis
iv penicillin and gentamicin
iv vneocymin and gentamicin
what are casuses of sepsis
toxiplasmosis
CMV
herpes
