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Step 1 Clues > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

example of hypertrophy and hyperplasia in Male/Female

A

BPH
Breast

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2
Q

Ananplasia

A

revert to mesenchymal origin
very aggressive
high metastatic rate
sensitive to radiation or chemo

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3
Q

Desmoplasia

A

cartilaginous tissue surrounds the tumor

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4
Q

metaplasia

A

adult cell to another adult cell which can handle the stress

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

loss of cell-to-cell contact inhibition
CIN
good prognosis (90% 5-yr survival)
Best time to screen

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6
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth

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7
Q

Tumor, mass, neoplasia

A

Benign first then malignant second

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8
Q

When it has been removed (in the question)

A

cancer first then benign

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9
Q

well circumscribed, encapsulated, response to normal physiological, freely mobile

A

Benign

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10
Q

adherent, outgrows blood supply, no circumscribed, does not obey physiological

A

Malignant

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11
Q

Malignant hormone

A

Angiogenin: grow own blood supply
Endostatin: Stops growth of bld vessels to other cancer

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12
Q

when is chemo considered effective

A

kill up to a billion cells
(cancer is palpable and visible )

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13
Q

when cancer out grows its blood supply what happens

A

metastases

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14
Q

where is metastasis primary cancer

A

Brain
bone
lung
liver
pericardium
adrenal

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15
Q

example of hamartomas

A

keloid, polyps
too much normal tissue

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16
Q

abnormal location of normal tissue

A

choriostoma

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17
Q

all cancers are low energy state…so…

A
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18
Q

mcc of death in cancer

A

infection

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19
Q

MC intracranial tumor

A

meningioma
Psammoma bodies (calcifications)

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20
Q

cancers that have Psammoma Bodies

A

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous cystic
Adeocarcinoma of the ovaries
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

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21
Q

MC Primary brain tumor

A

Astrocytoma
Glioma
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma

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22
Q

ependymoma seeing in

A

Ventricular system :hydrocephalus

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23
Q

Neurocutaneous syndromes different in their

A

cutaneous manifestation

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24
Q

NF

A

Cafe au lait spots
17/22
Neuromas
Fibromas

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25
Q

NF: MaCune-Albright syndrome

A

Precocious puberty
Fibrous bone tumors

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26
Q

NF: Sturge-weber syndrom

A

Port wine stain on the forehead
Angiomas of the retina and brain

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27
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A

Ashen leaf spots (hypopigmented)
Phabdomyoma/Rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Primary brain tumor

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28
Q

MC Primary brain cancer

A

astrocytoma grade IV or Glioblastoma multiforme

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29
Q

MC Brain cancer

A

Metastases
at grey-white matter junction

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30
Q

Met in women

A

Breast , Lung and Colon

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31
Q

MC tumor in the Pituitary is

A

Adenoma

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32
Q

Acidophils adenomas produces

A

Prolactin and Growth Hormone

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33
Q

Basophils adenomas produces

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH , LH

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34
Q

MC functional pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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35
Q

MC Cancer of the pituitary

A

Adenocarcinoma(rare)

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36
Q

non functional pituitary tumor

A

chromophobes (95%)

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37
Q

tumor that affect cranial Nerve 6(esotropia)

A

Pinealoma(pineal adenoma)
cause precocious puberty

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38
Q

mc pineal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma(rare)

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39
Q

Present with early morning vomiting
mc in children

A

posterior Fossa Tumors

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40
Q

Posterior fossa tumors with cerebellar origin

A

Medulloblastoma

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41
Q

develops from Rathke’s Pouch
motor oil appearance
affects pituitary

A

Craniopharyngioma

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42
Q

mc abdominal mass in newborn

A

enlarge bladder

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43
Q

MC abdominal mass in children

A

neuroblastoma

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44
Q

hypsarrhythmia and opsoclonus

A

neuroblastoma

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45
Q

pheochromocytoma Lab

A

VMA and HVA

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46
Q

paroxysmal palpitations, HTN, headache and diaphoresis

A

pheo, neuroblastoma

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47
Q

Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine in

A

Pheochomocytoma

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48
Q

masses of the anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus
Thyroid
T-Cell leukemias/Lymphomas
Teratomas

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49
Q

98% of leukemia are

A

B-cell

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50
Q

Hairy cell Leukemia

A

B-cell 75%
T-cell 25%
TRAP Pos

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51
Q

2 pure T-Cell Lymphoma

A

Mycosis fungoides(skin Rash)
Sezary syndrome

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52
Q

mc thymic tumor

A

thymoma

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53
Q

what disease is thymoma not associated with

A

Graves

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54
Q

Thyroid MC mass

A

Thyroglossal cyst

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55
Q

MC Thyroid tumor

A

Follicular adenoma

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56
Q

MC thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma
risk radiation to the neck

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57
Q

Solid hot thyroid mass next step

A

treat like hyperthyroidism

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58
Q

MC thyroid mass

A

thyroglossal cyst

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59
Q

Treatment for Graves disease (Hot nodule)

A

Propranolol
Prothyrouracil (PTU: pregnancy)
Methimazole(highly fat-soluble)
Iodine 131(destroys the thyroid)

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60
Q

cold nodule next step

A

biopsy

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61
Q

MCC of Parathyroid deficiency

A

thyroidectomy

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62
Q

MC tumor of the parathyroid

A

parathyroid adenoma

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63
Q

what is the MCC of isolated hypercalcemia in adults

A

parathyroid adenoma

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64
Q

MC cancer of parathyroid

A

adenocarcinoma

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65
Q

Tumor of MEN 1

A

Pituitary
Pancreatic
parathyroid

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66
Q

Tumors of MEN 2

A

medullary carcinoma of thyroid
pheochromocytoma
(+/-) parathyroid adenomas
Ret mutation

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67
Q

Tumors of MEN 2B

A

MEN2A plus Nuroma or
ganflioneuroma but w/o PTH adenomas
Marfenoid
Ret Mutation

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68
Q

high calcitonin, hypocalcemia, neck mass

A

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

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69
Q

parafollicular gland tumor

A

adenoma

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70
Q

contents of the mediastinum

A

heart: endocardium,
myocardium and
epicardium
pericardium

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71
Q

diastolic plop
middle age female who passes out and recovers in few seconds

A

Estrogen connection (relaxes and vasodilation/increase volume

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72
Q

tumor of the endocardium

A

myxoma (mc location: Left atrium)

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73
Q

mc Carcer of the endocardium

A

angiosarcoma(rare)

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74
Q

Myocardium tumor and cancer

A

Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma(Tuberous sclerosis)

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75
Q

MC cancer of the pericardium

A

Metastases

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76
Q

MC tumor of pericardium

A

Fibroma

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77
Q

Mc lung mass in children and adult

A

Hamartoma
Granulomas

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78
Q

MC cancer of the lung

A

metastases

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79
Q

MC lung tumor

A

Adenoma

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80
Q

Mc intrathoracic cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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81
Q

mc primary lung cancer

A

bronchogenic adenocarcinoma

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82
Q

primary lung cancer not related to smoking

A

brochoalveolar adenocarcinoma

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83
Q

Risk factor for lung cancer

A

smoking
Radon
secondhand smoke
side stream smoke
mainstream smoke

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84
Q

all pneumoconiosis increase risk of cancer except

A

anthracosis

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85
Q

central lung cancer

A

Small cell and squamous cell
associated with smoking

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86
Q

ferruginous bodies associated with

A

mesothelioma

87
Q

Nasal polyp seen in pt indicates

A

high sensitivity
avoid aspirin (NSAIDS) therapy

88
Q

MC cancer of the nasopharynx

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
common in Chinese women

89
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is asso with which virus

A

EBV

90
Q

cancer on the floor of the mouth, lower lips and tip of the tongue

A

squamous cell carcinoma

91
Q

mc cancer of lower 1/3rd of esophagus

A

adenocarcinoma

92
Q

Barret’s esophagus is example of what cellular changes

A

metaplasia

93
Q

seen with adenocarcinoma of the stomach

A

Virchow’s nodes
linitis plastica
signet ring cells
kruckenberg tumor

94
Q

Risk factor for UGI Cancer

A

Smoking
alcohol
Nitrites
Japanese people

95
Q

MC cancer of the ileum

A

lymphoma
70% of lymphoid tissue found in ileum

96
Q

mc cancer of the appendix

A

carcinoid (does not metastasize)

97
Q

MC origin of carcinoid syndrome

A

1) Pancreas
2) Ileum
secretes massive serotonin

98
Q

urinary 5-HIAA indicates

A

carcinoid syndrome
high serotonin

99
Q

Napkin ring lesion found in

A

small intestine
Colon

100
Q

Eaten apple core lesion
pencil thin stools
melena

A

Colon cancer:adenocarcinoma

101
Q

colon cancer risk factor

A

Low fiber diet
High fat diet
polyps
ulcerative colitis

102
Q

mc mass in the liver

A

cyst

103
Q

polyposis, hyperpigmented mucosa

A

Peutz-jeghers syndrome

104
Q

familiar polyposis and brain tumors

A

turcot’s

105
Q

Familia polyposis, osteomas, and sebaceous adenomas

A

gardner’s syndrome

106
Q

mc tumor of the liver

A

adenoma and AVMs

107
Q

Mc cancer of the liver

A

metastases

108
Q

primary cancer of the liver

A

hepatocellular adenocarcinoma

109
Q

acute life-threatening hemorrhage
ruptures in increased abdominal pressure (weightlifter)

associated with

A

estrogen use or steroid injection
hepatic adenoma

110
Q

increase venous O2
decreased AVO2 difference

A

AVM
abnormal arteries—veins connection

111
Q

AVM syndromes: multiple AVM

A

Osler- weber- Rendu: Lungs
Von Hipel Lindau:abdomen and brain

112
Q

AVM cancer in Kidney?
gene?

A

Renal cell carcinoma
Chromosome 3p
VHL gene

113
Q

massive dilation of the colon

A

toxic megacolon: maybe due to cancer obstruction

114
Q

premalignant polyps in adults

A
  1. Tubular
  2. Tubulovillous
  3. villous: worse b/c it is eating through the lining
115
Q

familial polyposis risk

A

100% cancer risk
year screening at age 5
total colectomy at age 19

116
Q

what murmur is heard in AVMs

A

continuous murmur

117
Q

vinyl chloride is risk factor for

A

Angiosarcoma of liver (highly malignant)

118
Q

Aniline dyes, Benzene, aflatoxin risk factor for

A

hepatocelluar carcinoma

119
Q

infectious risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hep B, C, schistosomiases

120
Q

Biliary tract mass

A

choledochal cyst

121
Q

most common tumor of biliary tract

A

cholangioma

122
Q

MC biliary cancer

A

cholangiosarcoma

123
Q

marker for primary biliary cirrhosis

A

Antimitochondrial antibodies
mid age female with itching and severe fatigue

124
Q

sclerosing cholangitis is seen in

A

ulcerative colitis
HLA B27
Pos P-Anca

125
Q

migratory thrombophlebitis
the most mucious cancer

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

126
Q

Cancer causing cholestatic jaundice, high direct (conjugated) bilirubin

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

127
Q

MC tumor of the pancreas

A

adenoma

128
Q

high glucose
high Lipids
high Ketones
necrolytic skin lesion

A

Glucagonoma

129
Q

high insulin
high C-peptite

A

Insulinoma
sufanourea

130
Q

neoplasm with severe constipation

A

somatostatinoma

131
Q

neoplasm with watery diarrhea

A

Vipoma

132
Q

elevated gastrin
worse with secretin
ulcer in distal small intestine dt low pH

A

Gastrinoma (Z-E syndrome)

133
Q

follicular cyst

A

MC mass of ovary

134
Q

serous cysadenoma

A

mc tumor of ovary

135
Q

serous cystadenocarcinoma(highly malignant)
most mucinous cancer in women

A

mc ovarian cancer

136
Q

meigs’s syndrome (ovarian fibroma) causes

A

pleural effusion or ascites

137
Q

Granulosa cell tumor causes

A

elevated estrogen levels
estrogen connection

138
Q

Yolk sack cancer marker

A

high AFP

139
Q

Choriocarcinoma marker

A

High HCG

140
Q

Tumor: masculinization (high testosterone)

A

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

141
Q

pseudomyxoma peritonei:very mucinous

A

cystadenocarcinoma

142
Q

struma ovarii: Grave like disease with no thyroid mass

A

Teratoma

143
Q

elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase

A

dysgerminoma/seminoma
embryonal cell carcinoma

144
Q

uterine polyp presents with

A

passing of blood clots

145
Q

Uterus: focal thickening, firm mass
estrogen dependent tumor

A

fibroid

146
Q

submucosal (90%) fibroid

A

menorrhagia

147
Q

fibroid RX

A

OCPs
Leuprolide(GnRh analogue)
Surgery (uterine artery embolization)

148
Q

subserosal fibroids presents with

A

pelvic pain or pressure

149
Q

metrorrhagia after 35, estrogen dependent

A

endometrial adenocarcinoma

150
Q

mc mass of the cervix

A

warts

151
Q

mc tumor of the cervix

A

fibroma

152
Q

mc cervical cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

153
Q

condyloma lata seen with:

A

2nd to syphilis
fleshy appearance

154
Q

condyloma acuminatum

A

HPV 6/11
verrucous or mushroom-like warts

155
Q

Warts RX

A

Trichloroacetic acid for internal warts
podophyllum drops for external warts
cryosurgery

156
Q

Cervical cancer RX

A

hysterectomy

157
Q

Cervical cancer risk

A

HPV(16/18)
STIs

158
Q

mc mass of the vagina

A

warts
Bartholin cyst

159
Q

mc vaginal tumor

A

fibroma

160
Q

mc vaginal cancer upper half

A

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

161
Q

mc vaginal cancer lower half

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides)

162
Q

fluctuant mass behind the labia major

A

bartholin cyst

163
Q

complication of bartholin cyst, Rx

A

infections/abscess formation
RX antibiotics

164
Q

fluctuant mass behind labia majora after 50yo, next step

A

Bartholin cyst
resect and check for cancer

165
Q

Sarcoma botryoides has increased incidence of

A

Tuberous sclerosis
under age 3

166
Q

Mc kidney cancer in
Children
Adult

A

Wilms’ tumor
Renal cell adenocarcinoma

167
Q

mental retardation, aniridia and hemihypertrophy in children

A

wilms’ tumor in kids

168
Q

Renal cell carcinoma presentation

A

painless hematuria and flank mass(+/- HTN)
superior pole of kidney

169
Q

How does Renal cell Carcinoma metastasize

A

retroperitoneum

170
Q

Renal cell carcinoma may produce

A

erythropoietin
angiogenin (high vascular ability)

171
Q

cannon ball met to the lungs

A

Renal cell carcinoma

172
Q

Renal cell carcinoma risk factor

A

smoking
VHL
Tuberous Sclerosis

173
Q

aldosterone producing tumor

A

conn’s syndrome

174
Q

cortisol producing tumor

A

adrenal adenomas: Cushing’s syndrome

175
Q

pheochromocytoma mc location

A

adrenal medulla

176
Q

transitional cell adenocarcinoma

A

mc bladder cancer

177
Q

mc bladder mass

A

diverticulum

178
Q

bladder diverticulum complications

A

UTIs and kidney stones

179
Q

Painless hematuria exposure to smoke, aniline dyes, benzene, cyclophosphamide…

A

Bladder cancer: transitional adenocarcinoma

180
Q

schistosoma haematobium causes (bladder complication)

A

squamous cell carcinoma

181
Q

weak, dribbling urination and straining, increase frequency and urgency

A

BPH

182
Q

BPH RX

A

Terazosin/Doxazocin
Tamsulosin
Finasteride/Dutasteride
TURP

183
Q

Prostate cancer screening

A

age 35: baseline rectal exam
age 40- annual rectal/ FOBT
45: sigmoidoscopy and every 5 years
50: colonoscopy every 10 years
first-degree relative: colon screening at 40

184
Q

mc testicular mass in newborn

A

hydrocele

185
Q

mc testicular mass in adolescence and older

A

varicocele

186
Q

mc testicular mass in children

A

hematoma

187
Q

mc testicular tumor

A

adenoma

188
Q

Testicular cancer 1st year of life

A

yolk sack cancer

189
Q

mc testicular cancer: teen to adult. Highly malignant

A

Seminoma

190
Q

all neurocutaneous disease have

A

mental retardation
cerebral calcifications
seizures

190
Q

Next step for any firm testicular mass

A

orchiectomy

191
Q

Breast Mass treatment

A

surgery
tamoxifen/Raloxifene (estrogen +)
chemotherapy : premenopausal
Radiation: post menopausal

192
Q

bleeding nipple

A

intraductal papilloma

193
Q

Breast:cells lined up in single file

A

Lobular adenocarcinoma

194
Q

comedocarcinoma

A

focal areas of necrosis

195
Q

peau d’orange(lymphatics intiltration) most malignant

A

inflammatory adenocarcinoma

196
Q

exploding sarcoma that stops growing

A

cystosarcoma

197
Q

located in upper outer quadrant and nipple
presents with dimple

A

intraductal adenocarcinoma

198
Q

Rash or ulcer around nipple

A

Paget’s disease

199
Q

Osteolytic or osteoblastic met from breast

A

intraductal adenocarcinoma
estogen and progest dependent

200
Q

Greenish fluid on aspiration, enlarges last two week of menses

A

fibrocystic disease
progesterone dependent

201
Q

Enlarges first two weeks of menses

A

fibroadenomas
estrogen dependent

202
Q

mc breast tumor below 25(estrogen)

A

fibroadenoma

203
Q

mc breast tumor above 25 (progest)

A

fibrocystic disease

204
Q

Rouleaux formation, Hypercalcemia, Kappa, IG-g

A

Multiple myeloma
Plasmacytoma (single lesion)

205
Q

onion skinning on childs X-ray

A

Ewing’s osteosarcoma
T(11/22)

206
Q

mc bone cancer

A

mets

207
Q

mc diaphyseal and metaphyseal cancer

A

mets

208
Q

starburst cortex, codman’s triangle in adults

A

metaphyseal: osteosarcoma

209
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

mc cancer of epiphysis

210
Q

actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease indicate possible

A

squamous cell carcinoma
ulcerative lesions

211
Q

what disease might increase risk of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Job’s, syndrome, albinism, porphyria cutanea tarda;, PKU, Wiskott-Aldrich

212
Q

Mc skin cancer that does not behave malignantly

A

Basal cell carcinoma

213
Q

Mc malignant skin cancer

A

melanoma

Step 1 Clues (27 decks)

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