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Step 1 Clues > Most common Part 1 > Flashcards

Most common Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Low energy state mc symptoms

A

weakness + SOB

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2
Q

Low energy state mc signs

A

Dyspnea + Tachypnea

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3
Q

Low energy state mc infections

A

Pulmonary + UTI

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4
Q

Low energy state mcc free radical formation

A

infections (neutrophils)

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5
Q

Low energy state mc cause of death

A

heart failure

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6
Q

mc infections

A

viruses

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7
Q

mcc severe abdominal pain

A

pancreatitis (moans/groans)

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8
Q

mcc pseudotumor cerebri

A
  1. Obesity 2. Vit A Overuse
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9
Q

mcc folate def

A

overcooked vegetables

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10
Q

mcc B12 def in US

A

pernicious anemia (Type A Gastritis)

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11
Q

Mcc spontaneous Venous Clot formation

A

Factor V leiden (MC Mutation worldwide)

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12
Q

Mcc Iron def
children
20-40
men
women

A
  1. Inadequate intake in Children/Young adult
  2. 20-40yo: IBD(Chrons is MC)
  3. Men>40: Mucosal Bleeds (r/o Colon Cancer)
  4. Women > 40: Endometrial Bleeds (r/O Cancer)
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13
Q

Mcc 2* Amyloidosis

A

acute phase Reactants (IL-6)
Acute Inflammatory state

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14
Q

MC conjugation Mechanism of large water soluble molecules

A

Acetylation (90%)

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15
Q

MCC myositis/Polymyositis(CPK leak)

3 factors

A
  1. Hypothyroid (2*Endo: Cushing’s)
  2. Drugs(RIPS): rifampin, INH, Prednisone(steroids), Statins
  3. Infection: Trichinella spiralis (raw Bear Meat)
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16
Q

MCC Rhadomyosis (Myoglobin Leak)

A
  1. trauma
  2. Fat Soluble Drugs (Statins)
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17
Q

MCC Oxidized Iron

A
  1. Infections (Free radicals)
  2. Drugs (SAMI): Sulfur drug(MC), Antimalarials, metronidazole, INH
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18
Q

MCC Cyanide Poisoning in US

A

Sodium Nitroprosside

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19
Q

MCC Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

A

Iron Def

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20
Q

MCC Mental Retardation

A
  1. Fetal Alcohol syndrome
  2. Fragile X (Dx Methotrexate)
  3. Downs Syndrome
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21
Q

MC anemia in Mediterraneans

A

Thalassemias (AR),
G6PD (Protects pt from Malaria)

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22
Q

MC Transfusion Related Reactions

A

ABO incompatibility

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23
Q

MC collagen Disease

A

Marfan’s
Fibrillin / MVP AR/ Retina detachment upward (from the Bottom)

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24
Q

2 MC Arthritis in Mid Age female

A
  1. RA
  2. SLE
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25
Q

MCC G6PD Hemolytic Crisis

A
  1. Infections
  2. Drugs(SAMI)
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26
Q

MC used Anti-inflammatory in US:Best drug ever:

A

Steroids

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27
Q

Effects of Steroid:SIK

A

Inhibit phospholipids A 2
Kill T-Cell &eosinophils
Stabilize endothelium
Stabilize mast cell
Inhibit macrophages & Neutrophil migration

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28
Q

MC type of Gallstones

A

Cholesterol Stones (Yellow or Clears)

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29
Q

Passing Gallstone use
(Drug)

A

meperidine

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30
Q

MC location of Gallstone

A
  1. Cystic Duct (90%)
  2. Common Bile Duct (10%)
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31
Q

MC over the counter NSAID

A

Ibuprofen

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32
Q

MC Type of Necrosis

A

Ischemic/Coagulative (MCC is Ischemia)

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33
Q

MCC Fibrinous Necrosis

A
  1. Vasculitis
  2. Uremia
  3. TB
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34
Q

MC Location of Fat necrosis

A
  1. pancreas
  2. Breast
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35
Q

MC location of Abscesses

A

Brain(Liquefactive Necrosis)
Least likely is Lungs due to dual bld supply

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36
Q

MCC for every Monosomy/Trisomy

A

Nondisjunction (Watch in Down’s for robetsonian Translocation)

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37
Q

MC Leukemia in Down’s

A

AML (M3=PML)

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38
Q

MC Leukemia in children (overall)

A

ALL

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39
Q

MC Antimetabolite

A

Methotrexate (Blocks dihydrofolate Reductase)

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40
Q

MC Endocardial Cushion Defect in the population

A

VSD

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41
Q

MC second messenger

A

cAMP(sympathetic/Catabolic/Protein Kinase A)

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42
Q

MCC HypoNatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, High TPR, Metabolic alkaloisis

A

Low Volume State

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43
Q

MC Gallop dt atherosclerosis

A

S4 sound (Hypertrophy)

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44
Q

MC Congenital Heart Dz

A

VSD>ASD>PDA> coarctation of aorta

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45
Q

MCC of ASD in General population

A

Septum Premium did Not meet the Secundum

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46
Q

MCC of Aortic Stenosis

A

aging/dystrophic Calcification

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47
Q

MCC aortic regurgitation

A

Aging/Calcifications

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48
Q

MCC Mitral Stenosis
Mid diastolic mummer

A

Rheumatic Fever

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49
Q

MCC Mitral Regurgitation

A
  1. MVP
  2. SBE : subacute Bacterial endocarditis
  3. Collagen Dz
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50
Q

MCC Tricuspid Stenosis

A

Rheumatic Fever / Carcinoid Syndrome

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51
Q

MCC tricuspid Regurgitation

A

Acute Endocarditis (S. aureus - IV Drugs)

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52
Q

MCC Pulmonary Valve dz

A

always congenital

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53
Q

mc location of congenital AV Malformations

A

Brain/ Lungs/ Liver

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54
Q

MC location of AV shunt Iatrogenic/Traumatic

A

Groin(Femoral vein)

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55
Q

MC Vasculitis in Children

A

HSP

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56
Q

MCC of DIC

A

Sepsis,
Trauma

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57
Q

MCC Renal failure in Children

A

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (EHEC or Shigella)

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58
Q

MCC Rashes in Hands and feet

A

SSSS,TSST1, Scarlet Fever, RMSF, Coxackie A, Kawasaki, Streptobacillus Moliniformis

59
Q

MCC Crescent formation In Kidney (Glomeruli Scar)

A
  1. Goodpasture(Anti-GBM-AB)
  2. Wageners (C-ANCA)
60
Q

MCOD of Osler webber Rondu (AVM)

A

Pulmonary Hemorrhage

61
Q

MCC cryoglobulinemia (I AM HE)

A

Influenza
Adenovirus
mycoplasma
Hep B/C
EBV

62
Q

MC Cyanotic Heart Dz of Newborn (<1m old)

A

Transposition of great Arteries
(Spiral membrane Never Developed)

63
Q

MC cyanotic Heart Dz of Newborn 1 month of age

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
(Spiral membrane rotated too far)
-Overriding Aorta / PS/ RVH/ VSD

64
Q

MC type of Anemia

A

Microcytic Hypochromic (FAST Lead)

65
Q

MCC Polycythemia

A

Hypoxia

66
Q

MCC Spherocytosis

A
  1. Aged RBCs
  2. Hereditary Spherocytosis
67
Q

MCC Elliptocytosis

A

Hereditary Elliptocytosis

68
Q

MCC Tear Drop Cells

A

Iron Deficiency anemia

69
Q

MCC Heinz Bodies

A

G6PD

70
Q

MCC Basophilic stapling

A

Lead Poisoning

71
Q

MCC Acanthocytes

A

Hyperlipidemia (Familial)

72
Q

MCC Thrombocytopenia

A
  1. Viruses (Parvo B19/ Hep C/ Hep E)
  2. Drug (ABCV): AZT/ Benzene / Chloramphenicol / Vinblastine
  3. ITP
73
Q

MCC Stimulation of Intrinsic Clotting system

A

Exposed Basement Membrane

74
Q

MCC Stimulation of Extrinsic Clotting System

A

Trauma, Tissue factor(TF Release)

75
Q

Criteria for SLE

A

(DOPAMIN RASH)
Discoid Rash, Oral ulcers, photosensitivity, Arthritis, Malar Rash, Immune disorder, Neuro disorder, Renal failure, ANA, Serositis (Pleuritic/Pericarditis)
Libman Sacks: Vegetations on Both Side of the valves + Hemolytic Anemia

76
Q

MCC of paroxysmal Supraventriclular Tachycardia in teenager(PSVT)

A

Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome
Delta wave on EKG

77
Q

MCC Renal Artery Stenosis

A

Atherosclerosis in elders
Fibromuscular dysplasia (females <30yo)

78
Q

MCC Atrophic kidney

A

Renal Artery stenosis

79
Q

MCC of 2* HTN

A

Renal artery stenosis

80
Q

MC 5-Alpha reductase defi symptoms arises during

A

puberty

81
Q

MC location for Berry aneurysms/SAH in PCKD

A

posterior communicating artery

82
Q

MCC abdominal aorta aneurysms

A

artherosclerosis

83
Q

MC reasons for severe abdominal pain

A

Pancreatitis (mid episode to back)
kidney stone(flank pain)
gallstones
AAA tearing
ischemic bowel (sudden, dt clot)

84
Q

MCC thoracic Aneurysms

A

Trauma (decelerating injury)
collagen vascular Dz
syphilis
Takayasu dz (Asian females)

85
Q

MC type kidney stone

A

calcium phosphate (dt low vol state)

86
Q

Struvite stones commonly associated with

A

urease (+) UTI (1. proteus 2 pseudomonas)

Ureaplasma, helicobacter Pylori, klebsiela,
Nocardia, cryptococcus, saprophyticus

87
Q

MCC Uric acid stones

A

Low Volume state (Dehydration)

88
Q

MCC Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A

Chemotherapy (Lysed Cells)

89
Q

MCC bladder outlet obstruction

A

Posterior Urethral valves (Male>Female)

90
Q

MCC abdominal Mass in Newborns

A

enlarged bladder

91
Q

MCC Hydronephrosis

A

Newborn: post urethral valve
child: UtI
Adolescents: STI
Men: BPH
women: 1. Uterine Prolapse 2. cystocele

92
Q

MCC UTI in children

A
  1. E.coli
  2. Proteus
  3. Klebsiella
    Viral: Adenovirus
    Nitrite neg: Enterococcus (G-Pos)
93
Q

MCC STI

A

1 Chlamydia
2 Gonorrhea
3. Actinomyces in old IUD)

94
Q

MCC unilateral Hydronephrosis

A

Kidney Stones

95
Q

MCC Bilateral Hydronephrosis

A

Obstruction/Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

96
Q

MCC Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

A

Methysergide(migraine and cluster headache treatment),
Chronic nitrofurantoin(water-soluble: binds the bacterial ribosome

97
Q

MCC incontinence

A

Urge incontinence (^ Detrusor?low capacity)

98
Q

MC incontinence in Women after childbirth

A

Stress incontinence (low sphincter presssure

99
Q

MCC overflow incontinence

A

Child: Posterior Urethral Valve
Men: BPH
women: Uterine prolapse

100
Q

MCC Post Renal acute renal failure

A

Men: BPH
women: uterine prolapse

101
Q

MC congenital Genitourinary abnormality

A

Hypospadia

102
Q

MC Ballanitis assoc

A

S. Aureus/ Zipper injection / Uncircumcised Men

103
Q

MCC urethritis (inflamed Urethra:STI)

A

Chlamydia
N. Gonorrhea

104
Q

MCC of Hyponatremia<120mEQ/L

A

SIADH

105
Q

MCC Hypophosphatemia

A

Sepsis (causes Lactic Acidosis and Body Compensates by excreting H2PO4)

106
Q

MCC proteinuria

A

Orthostasis

107
Q

MC nephrotic syndrome in child

A

Minimal change DZ (aka Lipoid Nephrosis)

108
Q

MC Nephrotic syndrome in Adults

A

FSGS (dt HTN and HIV)

109
Q

MCC interstitial Nephritis

A

Drug Allergies
Collagen Vascular Dz

110
Q

MC lab seen in Glomerulonephritis

A

RBC cast
Hematuria
WBC cast

111
Q

MC findings in Pyelonephritis

A

WBC cast
flank pain
urgency
frequency
(Complication: SEPSIS)

112
Q

WBC Casts

A

Nephritis

113
Q

RBC Casts

A

Glomerulonephritis

114
Q

Eosinophils

A

Interstitial nephritis

115
Q

Fatty Cast

A

Nephrotic

116
Q

Waxy casts

A

chronic renal failure

117
Q

mcc chronic renal failure

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. HTN
118
Q

Hayline Cast +Epithelial cast

A

Normal sloughing of PCT cells

119
Q

Crescents

A

RPGN:
1. Goodpasture (Anti-BM-Ab)
2. Wegner (C-ANCA)

120
Q

Muddy(Brown) Casts

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis(Ischemia or toxins)

121
Q

MCC UTI

A

E.coli (MC), Proteus, Klebsiella, adenovirus, nitrite neg enterococci
Post coitus; S. Saprophyticus

122
Q

MCC ARDS

A
  1. Sepsis( endotoxin dilates vessels and flushes surfactant)
  2. Trauma
123
Q

MC location for aspirated coins

A

Carina(at T4 - Level of Nipple)

124
Q

MCC pneumonia

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. S. Pneumo
  3. H. Influ
  4. N. Catarrhalis
  5. Klebsiella
125
Q

MC Bacterial infection after flu

A

S. aureus

126
Q

MC pneumonia in Homeless/ alcoholics

A

klebsialla(Likes fissures, Currant Jelly)

127
Q

MC Asbestosis associated cancer

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma >Mesothelioma

128
Q

MC Lung Mass in children/adults

A

Hamartoma
Granuloma

129
Q

MC Lung Tumor

A

Adnoma

130
Q

MC age group for Bronchiolitis

A

Children(<2yo) (Can grow out of it)

131
Q

MC location of Shingles (zoster)

A
  1. T4 (Nipple line) dermatome (Burning chest pain 24hrs b4 Vesicular rash)
    2 Forehead (CN V1 - Ophthalmic)
132
Q

MCC Bronchitis (URI)

A

S. Pneumonia, H. influenza, N. Catarrahalis (SHiN)

133
Q

MCC Pulsus Paradoxicus exaggerated Bp or Pulse drop on Inspiration

A

Pericardial Tamponade ? pneumothorax

134
Q

MCC Pericardial Tamponade

A

Trauma
Cancer
(Muffled heart sounds, kussmaul sign P. paradox)
CXR: Enlarged Cardiac shadow
ECHO: compressed/Small Heart
EKG: low voltage in all leads

135
Q

MCC sinusitis

A
  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria (SHiN)
    -If Diabetic: mucor, Rhizopus
136
Q

MCC female pseudohermaphroditism in children

A
  1. 21 Hydroxylase def
  2. 11 hydroxylase def (Addison’s Dz)
137
Q

MCC True male hermaphroditism

A

Absence of MIF

138
Q

MC Pituitary Tumor

A

Non functional Adenoma

139
Q

MC functional pituitary Tumor

A

Prolactinoma

140
Q

MCC hypothyroidism worldwide

A

Iodine def

141
Q

MCC SIADH

A

pain
^ICP
Hypoxia
Drugs
Cancer

142
Q

MC Abdominal Mass in children (after Newborn)

A

Neuroblastoma

143
Q

MC Plummer syndrome age

A

> 50 (Toxic multinodular Goiter, Hot nodule)

144
Q

MC Isolated hypercalcemia in Adult

A

Parathyroid Adenoma (^PTH / ^Ca / low Phos)

Step 1 Clues (27 decks)

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